<p>The Blackford County Courthouse is a historic building located in Hartford City, Indiana, the county seat of Blackford County. The building stands on a public square in the city&#39;s downtown commercial district. Built during the Indiana Gas Boom, most of the construction work was completed in 1894. The current courthouse was preceded by an other courthouse building on the same site, which was declared inadequate by a judge in 1893, and was torn down. Following the condemnation of the original courthouse, the county’s judicial activities were temporarily located in a building across the street.</p><br>
<p>The current courthouse was designed by architects Arthur LaBelle and Burt L. French, who were from nearby Marion, Indiana. The building’s architectural style is Richardsonian Romanesque, which was popular during the second half of the 19th century. The large corner tower of the building is the tallest structure in the downtown commercial district. Considered "the county&#39;s most outstanding landmark", the structure is often pictured on web sites associated with the area, and continues to house local government over 100 years after its construction.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the courthouse building, the buildings around the courthouse square are also historic in nature and considered contributing properties to the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District. The courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and was included as a contributing property to the historic district in 2006. Most of the buildings in the Courthouse Square Historic District continue to have facades that look similar to their original design. Although the interior has been remodeled, the exterior of the courthouse also retains its original appearance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The small cluster of log cabins called Hartford was designated the county seat of Blackford County in 1837, when legislation to create the county was proposed. Despite being created in 1838, no county government was organized until 1839, and there was some dissent over the location of the county seat. During June 1939, Indiana Governor David Wallace appointed Nicholas Friend as the new county’s sheriff, and elections were held soon thereafter. The log cabin homes of county officials served as county government buildings during the first year of the county’s organized existence. County affairs were first handled at the log cabin home of Andrew Boggs, which was located just north of Little Lick Creek in Licking Township. This cabin was, in effect, the capitol of Blackford County for about three months.</p><br>
<h3>Site</h3><br>
<p>Among the first orders made by the new county government was a survey of 40 acre of wilderness located to the north of Boggs’ cabin, parts of which had been donated for the purpose of housing the seat of government. A public square was to be located on 1 acre of land, on which the seat of justice was to be located. It was also ordered that the seat of justice was to be named Hartford. The 40 acre were owned by three individuals living in an adjacent county. The owners donated every other lot to the county as part of a plan to ensure that the county seat was located there—and increase the value of their property.</p><br>
<p>Montpelier, Indiana, is located in the northeastern portion of Blackford County, in Harrison Township. In late 1839, the location of the county seat was formally contested, as the citizens of Montpelier believed their community would be a better location. Montpelier had been platted in 1837, while the "town" of Hartford was still wilderness north of a cluster of log cabins. However, Licking Township, where Hartford was located, contained more of the county&#39;s population.</p><br>
<p>The board of commissioners ruled against Montpelier in a January 1840, session. In November 1840, the board ordered the construction of a courthouse—which was to be located in Hartford. The plan was for a 25 ft, two-story, "hewed-log" courthouse. The commissioners went into considerable detail describing the building. However, the courthouse was not constructed because of continuing controversy over the location (Hartford or Montpelier) of the county seat.</p><br>
<p>In 1841, the commissioners again settled on Hartford as the location for the county seat, and planning for Blackford County’s original courthouse began. On September 11, 1841, the Blackford County board of commissioners ordered that written proposals should be received to build a courthouse on the public square in the town of Hartford. The building was to be 40 ft square, 25 ft high, and built of brick on a stone foundation. The courthouse grounds occupied 1.5 acre instead of the 1 acre proposed in 1839.</p><br>
<h3>Original courthouse</h3><br>
<p>The contract for Blackford County&#39;s first courthouse was let on December 7, 1841, and construction was supervised by Charles and William F. Jones. The proposed cost for the courthouse was $5,600. Until the courthouse was ready, rooms were rented from various members of the community for conducting county government. By May 1845, an arrangement was made for the upper floor to be used for court proceedings until the entire building was completed. Finally, in a special session held October 31, 1845, the board of commissioners found that the courthouse had been completed according to contract. The total cost for the courthouse building was $5,750.</p><br>
<p>The small community grew to a population of 250 by 1850, and it took 30 more years to get close to a population of 1,500. Early during that period, "Hartford" became known as "Hartford City" because another Hartford existed elsewhere in the state. In 1887, Hartford City Gas and Oil Company drilled Hartford Citys first natural gas well, and Hartford Citys participation in the Indiana Gas Boom began. The area experienced a period of economic growth and prosperity as manufacturers moved to the region to utilize the low-cost energy.</p><br>
<p>An 1887 description of the courthouse called it "a plain building…its architecture characteristic of the pioneer times". It also said the building "is still good enough were it only in better repair."</p><br>
<h3>Current courthouse</h3><br>
<p>The county commissioners responded in March 1893, to the Judge’s declaration that the (original) courthouse was inadequate. The three commissioners, T. T. McGeath, I. L. Hughs, and A. W. Miles, ordered that a new courthouse was necessary. A week later, they engaged the Marion firm of LaBelle and French as architects for the new courthouse. Since the original courthouse was condemned, and Judge Custer (of the 48th Circuit Court of Indiana) refused to use it, arrangements were made to use the nearby opera house for courtroom proceedings until a new courthouse was available. On May 20, 1893, the old courthouse building was sold for $20, and removed from the grounds to enable construction of the new structure. In October, it was decided that the opera house was not suitable for courtroom proceedings because of possible theatrical conflicts, so rooms were rented at the newly built Briscoe Block building located on the south side of the courthouse square. Two rooms, with gas heat included, were rented for a total of $400 per year. One room would be for the circuit court, while the other was for the county clerk’s office.</p><br>
<p>On June 8, 1893, LaBelle and French provided the county commissioners with a complete plan for the new courthouse. The architects designed a monumental stone courthouse in the Richardsonian Romanesque architectural style that was popular in the United States at that time. The four-story building measured 71 by. It featured enormous arches on the northern and southern facades, semicircular towers on the east and west sides, and a 165 ft clock tower on the southwest corner.</p><br>
<p>Although the community planned to build the courthouse as a monument to the city’s (Gas Boom-related) prosperity, the commissioners were still concerned with costs. In late July 1893, the commissioners awarded the courthouse construction contract to the Fort Wayne firm of Boseker & Son. The price was cut to $97,000 by altering some of the architect’s specifications. The stone chosen for the building was Amherst Blue from quarry number 9 in Amherst, Ohio. Work on the foundation was conducted in August, and the foundation stones were brought to town from Montpelier quarries located on the other side of the county.</p><br>
<p>On November 1, 1893, the city held a ceremony for the laying of the courthouse cornerstone. The local Free and Accepted Masons Lodge Number 106 ran the program. The ceremony included a parade, a welcome by prosecutor J. A. Hindman, a Masonic ceremony, an address by Mason Past Grand Master Martin H. Rice, and an address by historian Benjamin G. Shinn.</p><br>
<p>Although a harsh winter sometimes made work difficult, construction of the courthouse progressed far enough that work on the large (3 stories high) arch on the southern façade began during February 1894. Around the same time, work to carve the frieze above the second story was sublet to Gustave Steuber. Much of the carving work around the buildings entrances was conducted under Mr. Steubers direction. The building’s cornice was finished in April, and nearly all of the structure’s stone was cut by that time. By June, work was started on the clock tower, and almost all of the roof was completed in August. The tower&#39;s 4,000 lb clock arrived by rail in August from New Haven, Connecticut—although the tower was not ready to accommodate the timepiece until October.</p><br>
<p>On February 27, 1895, county officials began moving into the new courthouse. Total cost for the new courthouse was $129,337. Most of that expense was paid to the contractor, Boseker and Son. Among other expenses included in the total were $2,000 paid to the E. Howard Clock Company of Boston, $7,000 for furniture paid to the H. Ohmer and Sons Company, and $6,158 for architecture.</p><br>
<p>After the courthouse was completed, it was discovered that some modifications were needed for its plumbing and heating system. Outside of the courthouse, steps were also taken to beautify the surrounding grounds. Sidewalks were added, and eventually hitching racks for horses. A war memorial was added to the northeast corner of the courthouse grounds in 1921, and this was the first of the major war memorials that occupy the corners of the courthouse lawn. A total of nine memorials, monuments and commemorative plaques have been added to the grounds within the courthouse square.</p><br>
<p>Today, the courthouse is still used by local government, and has a mailing address of 110 West Washington Street, Hartford City, Indiana. Hartford City&#39;s ZIP code is 47348. Courtroom facilities on the second floor of courthouse are used by the Blackford County Circuit Court and Blackford County Superior Court. The Blackford County Prosecutor also maintains an office in the building. The Blackford County commissioners meet on the first floor of the courthouse, and the county Clerk’s office is also located on that floor. Additional office space is provided in the Blackford County Courthouse Annex, which is located across the street on the west side of the courthouse. The annex has an address of 121 North High Street. Among the offices housed in the annex building are the Blackford County Community Foundation, the Blackford County Emergency Operations Center, and the Blackford County Economic Development Corporation (including the County Assessor).</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Designed by the firm known as LaBelle and French of Marion, Indiana, the Blackford County Courthouse is considered an excellent example of Richardsonian Romanesque architecture, which was popular at the time. LaBelle and French also designed the White County courthouse in Monticello, Indiana; the Trumbull County courthouse in Warren, Ohio; and other buildings in the region. Listed December 31, 1974, the Trumbull County courthouse is also part of the National Register of Historic Places. Unfortunately, the White County courthouse was severely damaged by a "direct hit" from a 1974 tornado (rated as "EF4" using the Enhanced Fujita Scale), and therefore demolished. LaBelle and French also designed one of Hartford City’s hotels, and one of the city&#39;s many glass factories.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The courthouse was built using Henry Hobson Richardson&#39;s variation of the Romanesque Revival style of architecture—which later became known as Richardsonian Romanesque. Constructed mostly during 1894, the four–story building features a 165-foot clock tower located on the southwest corner, and is the tallest structure in the area. The roof is a high pitched hip roof, and exterior walls are made from stone.</p><br>
<p>The northern and southern facades of the structure are similar—each consisting of three bays. The central bay is occupied by a massive round-arched portal with enriched archivolts and a fan window. From the ground-floor doorway to the top of the large central bay arch measures about three stories high. A gabled dormer rises above the central arch. The dormer has three double-hung windows, and a central arched window resides above the middle. Each of the side bays has a set of windows for each floor, and the third floor windows are crowned with arched windows.</p><br>
<p>The huge clock tower is the main difference between the north and south facades. Located on the southwest corner of the courthouse, it is topped by a steeply-pitched roof with round corner piers. Blind arcading is used on the upper portion of the tower between the clock faces and the roof of the main portion of the building. Three rows of slit windows are utilized within the blind arcading. A clock face can be seen on all four sides of the tower. An arch supported by Corinthian pilasters houses each face of the clock.</p><br>
<p>The east and west sides of the courthouse are identical up to the roofline. The west side also has the corner clock tower, which appears on the right when viewing toward the east. Both east and west sides have six bays. The first, third, fourth, and sixth bays have dual windows on each floor. A fan window crowns the dual windows on the third floor. The second and fifth bays are occupied by semicircular towers that rise above the bottom of the main roofline. The towers have three main windows on each floor, and the third floor windows are crowned with transoms that are crowned with fan windows. Above the towers’ third floor fan windows, near the top of the tower, are small arched windows resting above belt courses.</p><br>
<p>As time has passed, renovations and updates have been made to the courthouse and surrounding grounds. However, the courthouse exterior has retained its original form. Many of the nearby buildings, which were also built in the 1890s, also retain much of their original form. In 1940, the hitching racks around the courthouse square were removed, as automobiles had replaced horses as the preferred mode of transportation. Parking meters were added to the square in 1952. The building&#39;s stone exterior was refreshed by a sandblasting treatment in 1963. Exterior spotlights were added during the 1980s. The latest project to refurbish the courthouse moved forward during 2010. On December 6, 2010, the county commissioners decided to proceed with a courthouse preservation project that was estimated to cost in excess of $325,000.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The three finished interior floors have been renovated, modernized, and updated since the original construction. One step in modernization occurred in 1965, when an elevator was installed in the building. Among various renovations, the second and third floors were updated around 1980. Currently, the first floor has carpeting, fluorescent lighting, and acoustic ceiling tiles. The north and south facades now have modern glass doors that form vestibules at the entrances. The hallway ceilings have been molded with stenciling. Some painted scenes, which are not original to the building, can be found in the main hallway. One such scene includes a painting of the original courthouse surrounded by paintings of tablets representing each of the county&#39;s four townships, each with local scenes.</p><br>
<h2>Other features</h2><br>
<p>The public square where the Blackford County Courthouse stands is the heart of the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District. In addition to the courthouse in the center of the square, each corner of the square is the site of a war memorial, including one that is considered a contributing property to the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District. Additional memorials are also located on the grounds.</p><br>
<h3>Revolutionary War memorial</h3><br>
<p>The stone was from the Twin Hills gravel pit in nearby Jay County.</p><br>
<h3>World War I memorial</h3><br>
<p>Blackford County’s World War I memorial was unveiled on the northeast corner of the courthouse square on September 28, 1921, in a dedication ceremony with James Taylor, president of Taylor University as the speaker. --&gt; Beneath the Doughboy sculpture is a list of Blackford County residents that served in World War I. The monument was partially funded by a contribution from the ladies of the Service Star Legion.</p><br>
<h3>World War II memorial</h3><br>
<p>Blackford County’s World War II memorial is located on the northwest corner of the courthouse square. Its dedication ceremony was held on May 30, 1950. City attorney Robert Bonham gave the dedication address. The monument lists over 1,880 names of veterans associated with Blackford County.</p><br>
<h3>Korea and Vietnam War memorial</h3><br>
<p>Blackford County’s monument to veterans of the Korean and Vietnam wars is located on the southeast corner of the courthouse square. Congressman David Dennis spoke at the 1973 dedication of this monument. The monument, originally contained a list of the county’s war dead from the two wars. It was expanded in 1987 to include all of the county’s veterans of the two wars. A tablet on the left of the monument lists veterans of the Korean War, while a tablet on the right side lists veterans of the Vietnam War.</p><br>
<h3>Monument to Veterans of the Civil War</h3><br>
<p>Blackford County’s Civil War monument is located on the southwest corner of the courthouse square. The Blackford County Civil War Re-enactment Club is responsible for the monument. The project began with a Memorial fund in 1997, and progressed for about 10 years to completion of the project. Construction of the monument began in 2004 with a granite base, pedestal, and walkway. A dedication for that portion of the monument was held on October 9, 2004. The sculpture of the civil war soldier was added a few years later. Stacks of black granite cannonballs were added to each corner of the monument in 2007. The monument recognizes all soldiers associated with Blackford County: soldiers who lived in the county at the start of the war, soldiers who enlisted in the county, soldiers buried in the county, and veterans who moved to the county after the war.</p><br>
<h3>Other monuments and commemorative plaques</h3><br>
<p>The Blackford County Courthouse lawn is also the site of some smaller commemorative plaques. An early addition was the Orville Whitacre Memorial Marker, which was added in 1922. The H. C. Cornuelle Memorial Marker was added in 1936. A second plaque, the Bicentennial Capsule Marker, was also added in 1936. Many years later, a Blackford County Courthouse Cornerstone Rededication Marker was added in a ceremony on November 13, 1993. The Free and Accepted Masons conducted the ceremony, and a time capsule was presented by the presidents of the Blackford County Historical Society and the Montpelier Historical Society. A Blackford County Courthouse Historical Marker was placed on October 1, 1994, by the Indiana Historical Bureau and the Blackford Lodge Number 106 of the Free and Accepted Masons.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Blackford County Courthouse was added to National Register of Historic Places on August 11, 1980. On June 21, 2006, its historic importance was reasserted when it was included as a contributing property in the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District&#39;s listing on the National Register. On its original National Register nomination form, the building was cited as significant in the areas of "architecture" and "politics/government." The courthouse has been "the focus of governmental, political and civic affairs," and "its size and architecture dominate" downtown Hartford City. In addition, the war memorials on the courthouse grounds contribute to the sense of time and place that the Hartford City Courthouse Historic District conveys.</p><br>
<p>Weikerlsee is a pair of recreational lakes just south of the confluence of the Traun and the Danube in the urban district of Ebelsberg. It includes the bathing lake, a green belt, some parking spaces, toilets, a snack bar and a nudist area on the north bank of the smaller of the two lakes. A canal joins the smaller and the larger lakes. To the south of the Larger Weiklsee are the rainwater drainage basins for the Linz sewage network.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational use</h2><br>
<p>The two lakes have a combined water surface of 21 hectare. The larger lake is 7 m lower than the smaller lake.</p><br>
<p>The smaller lake was enlarged at the beginning of the 21st century. A bridge with a viewing platform separates the northern nudist area from the southern textile beach. On the south bank is a snack bar with toilets.</p><br>
<p>Bathing is strictly forbidden in the larger lake because it is a nature reserve. Both lakes have a low water temperature due to the groundwater sources.</p><br>
<p>Brennsee, also called Feldsee, is a lake in Carinthia, Austria.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It is situated at 739 metres above the Adriatic (2,425 ft), in the Gegendtal Valley, running from east to west through the Gurktal Alps (Nock Mountains) range. The shaded steep slopes of the Mirnock massif in the south are covered with forests, while the northern shore is settled with Alpine pastures and farmsteads. Brennsee is entirely located within the Feld am See municipal area.</p><br>
<h2>Limnology</h2><br>
<p>The lake is mainly fed by ground water and by several small brooks in the north. At the western end of the lake a short stream dewaters the water into the Kleinkirchheimer Bach, which itself flows into Millstätter See (as Riegerbach) at Radenthein-Döbriach. The holomictic waters reach 23 &deg;C in summer. The surrounding settlements are connected to a sewerage system since the 1970s, nevertheless agricultural discharge has proven to be problematic, leading to eutrophication with an overabundance of aquatic plants and algae. Recent efforts have decisively improved the water quality.</p><br>
<p>Fishery is common, mainly for northern pike and common carp, but also for wels catfish, perch, roach, rudd and bleak. Several attempts have been made to restore the extinct noble crayfish populations.</p><br>
<p>Dösener See is an alpine lake of Carinthia, Austria. It is part of the High Tauern National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake is situated at 2270 metres above the Adriatic (7,450 ft) in the Ankogel Group of the High Tauern range, part of the Central Eastern Alps. It marks the head of the narrow Dösen Valley, stretching about 7 km up from Mallnitz in the west. With a surface area of 0.13 km&sup2, it is the largest cirque lake of the national park area.</p><br>
<p>Even in summer, the surface temperature never exceeds 7 &deg;C; the lake is covered by ice up to three quarters of a year. The water transparency comes to about 12 m. In Dösener See, Arctic char are found as well as plankton species like rotifer and green algae.</p><br>
<p>The Arthur-von-Schmid-Haus, an Alpine club hut erected in 1910-11, stands on the western shore. From here, mountain trails lead to neighbouring summits such as the Hochalmspitze and the Reisseck massif. A large rock glacier (Blockgletscher) is located east of Dösener See, with a permafrost depth of up to 40 m.</p><br>
<p>Egelsee  is a mire lake in Carinthia, Austria. The lake and its environment are part of a protected landscape area.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The small is located on the plateau of a hill chain, which stretches between the southern shore of Millstätter See at an elevation of 588 m and the lower Drava valley near Spittal an der Drau down to 530 m. The range on the southwestern rim of the Nock Mountains was honed by the last glacial period (Würm), it is about 2 km wide and 13 km long. The Egelsee on top can be reached via hiking trails through the surrounding forests. Open air bathing is possible.</p><br>
<p>The mire lake with an area of 9.35 hectares is completely surrounded by floating grass. Due to its location in the midst of a vast moor his water colour is deep brown. The acidic waters are surrounded by quaking bogs, mostly of peat mosses. Sundews, bladderworts, alpenrose, hare&#39;s-tail cottongrass, bog-rosemary, and bog billberry also occur. All stages of bog formation can be observed on Egelsee.</p><br>
<p>The local fauna include cyclops copepods as well as common frogs and water frogs, with large spawn clusters covering the shoreline water surface in spring. Originally there were no fish in this lake.</p><br>
<p>The surrounding landscape conservation area is located in the municipal areas of Seeboden, Spittal and Ferndorf. The shaded southern shore of Lake Millstatt is largely in its natural state, as opposed to the densely settled northern shore, and virtually uninhabited. The historic route from Millstatt Abbey into the Drava Valley - Lake Millstatt was thereby crossed by boat - went some distance to the east past the Egelsee. Remnants of the old flagged stone pathway are still visible.</p><br>
<p>Maltschacher See is a lake in Carinthia, Austria, 5 kilometers south-east of Feldkirchen in Kärnten. A swamp is located on the western side of the lake. The outflow from the lake feeds the Strußnigteich, a breeding ground where carps are grown, four kilometers southeast of the Maltschacher See.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The lake originally had a dense belt of reeds and aquatic plants. In 1975 the grass carp was introduced in the lake which destroyed both plants and reed belts. Since 1991, the grass carp is no longer observed. Fifteen fish species are presently living in the lake. The main species found are perch, bream, bleak, carp, tench and perch.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>At the shore of the Maltschacher See is a campsite, a bungalow park and restaurants. In the vicinity are another campground and several guesthouses.</p><br>
<p>Lake Turrach  is an Alpine lake at Turracher Höhe Pass, on the state border of Carinthia and Styria in Austria.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake is located within the Gurktal Alps (Nock Mountains) at a height of 1,763 m above sea-level. Due to the altitude, it frequently freezes over in winter. In summer, the water temperature can reach a maximum of 18 &deg;C; the waters therefore are hardly used for bathing, except for a hotel beach on the southern shore equipped with thermal pumps.</p><br>
<p>Lake Turrach is fed by a mountain stream and several marshy meadows, the water drains northwards into the Styrian Mur valley at Predlitz. It was the first Carinthian lake to be protected from the discharge of wastewater by a sewage system. Today, several species of fish occur, among them brown trout and arctic char.</p><br>
<p>Since 2012 the Carinthian part of the lake belongs to the UNESCO Salzburg Lungau and Nock Mountains biosphere reserve.</p><br>
<p>Hintersteiner See is a mountain lake in the Austrian national park called Wilder Kaiser and belongs to the administrative region of Scheffau in the Austrian federal state of Tirol.</p><br>
<p>The 56 hectare large and 36 metre deep lake was created during the last ice age and is at a height of 883 m AA. Underground springs fill the lake with crystal clear water. Hintersteiner See is privately owned by the Tiroler Wasserkraft AG and is cautiously used to generate electricity. It drains into the Weißache river.</p><br>
<p>There is a public bathing beach on the lake. The one-hour walk around the lake is much to be recommended and this takes you past several spots where refreshments are available, not to mention passing the lakes most beautiful locations.</p><br>
<h2>The legend of Hintersteiner See</h2><br>
<p>In Hinterstein, there lived some high-spirited, wealthy farmers, who used to play bowls with lumps of butter on their luscious meadow, which was where the Hintersteiner See is today. It was a brightly moonlit night as they played once more. Then suddenly, the earth heaved beneath their feet and they sank with their farm and everything on it into the depths. For their wanton behaviour however, the farmers were banished onto the Scheffauer peaks and, to atone for their sins, they were condemned to play bowls as long as the Kaiser mountain exists. Their bowling alley can be found just below the peak of the Scheffauer in a small corrie which is covered with a fine carpet of moss.</p><br>
<p>According to the legend, the wealthy Hintersteiner farmers had a huge argument about a spring. Even on the solemn festival of Corpus Christi they argued the entire day, which then ended in an unseemly scuffle. Bright and early the very next day, the dairymaid for the farmers, a very proper, sober woman who had long found the argument quite absurd, set off across the meadow to milk the cows and saw a small puddle of water in front of the house, which had never been there before. She shook her head as she saw it, but went on her way. It took her a long time to find the cows and she was surprised to find them huddling together in a dip in the landscape. She milked them quickly so as to get back to the farm and get on with her work, but when she walked up out of the dip, she was confronted with a lake where only the tip of just one house peeked out of the water.</p><br>
<p>Zireiner See is a lake of Tyrol, Austria. The Zireiner lake is around 4 hectares of a mountain lake at 1,799 m above sea level. A. in the Brandenberger Alps in Tyrol in the municipal area of Münster. It lies between the Rosskogel  in the east and the Rofanspitze in the west in the hollow, on the north side of foothills of the Marchspitze  and in the south of the Latschberg  A. ) is formed. At the western end, a spring feeds the lake.</p><br>
<p>From the mountain station of the Sonnwendjochbahn the lake can be reached in an hour. The E4 European long distance path touches the Zireiner See on its stage between Steinberg at Rofan and Maurach.</p><br>
<h2>Weblinks</h2><br>
<h2>Single Signature</h2><br>
<p>https://www.tirol.gv.at/statistik-budget/tiris/</p><br>
<p>The Hastings Prototype House is located at Farragut Parkway and High Street in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, United States. It is a Moderne-style concrete building erected during the 1930s. In 1991 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was planned to be one of a number of experimental dwellings along Farragut Parkway, and, ultimately, a larger-scale development in Florida; neither of which was ever built. It incorporated many innovations, including a patented method of precasting the concrete panels used in its walls and floors and the first gas-fired heating system in Westchester County. These led to it being featured in an exhibit at the 1939 New York World&#39;s Fair.</p><br>
<p>The architect, developer and contractor were all local, none of them involved with any of the contemporary movements that led to the Moderne style. Charles Horn, the architect, never built another building in that style. Unoccupied, it fell into disrepair in later years and was threatened with demolition after it became an eyesore. It was preserved in the 1980s when a man who had grown up in the neighborhood bought it, researched its history and restored it.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings and grounds</h2><br>
<p>The house is located on the northwest corner of the intersection, approximately one-quarter mile (500 m) along Farragut from its intersection with the Saw Mill River Parkway. The surrounding neighborhood is exclusively residential, with some minimal commercial development a block to the north at the intersection of Farragut and Green Street. The houses to the west are in a variety of early 20th-century styles, on smaller lots. To the east are larger lots with more trees, most of them the rear yards of larger houses along Farragut Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The half-acre (0.5 acre) lot slopes up slightly toward the west. In addition to the house, on the eastern end, a garage is built into the landscape to the north. It is considered a contributing resource to the National Register listing. A driveway curves around from High Street to it.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The house itself is a 21 ft cubical steel frame structure on a cinder block foundation faced in prefabricated 2 by concrete panels with stucco parging topped by a bowl-shaped roof centered on a drain. At the main entrance on the curved eastern corner, there is an entrance portico.</p><br>
<p>Fenestration consists primarily of paired steel eight-pane casement windows on both stories at either side of the corners. There is one small four-pane window in the second story above the main entrance and an additional window on the north of it in the first story to provide additional light to the kitchen. Just north of it is a second entrance, meant to allow easier access to the garage.</p><br>
<p>A plain wide belt course runs around the building above the second story windows. Above it is a parapet at the roofline. The front portico consists of a wooden hood with a denticulated cornice supported by four square wooden pillars topped with molded capitals.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The main entrance is a recessed paneled wooden door. It opens into a small foyer with closet. Three steps lead down from the south side to the living area, which occupies the bulk of the first-floor space and the greatest portion of the house&#39;s 800 ft&sup2; interior. The stairs to the second story begin on the opposite corner. Flooring consists of the same prefabricated concrete panels the walls are made of covered in asphalt tile; the walls are plaster and lath. A partition sets off the kitchen, in the northwest corner. Underneath the stairway is storage space and the original location of the heating and air conditioning controls.</p><br>
<p>Upstairs, there have been extensive renovations since the house was built. The floors are covered in ceramic tile and the walls are gypsum. The original six-panel wooden doors have been replaced with hollow-core flush doors as well. Its layout follows the first floor, with most of the southern space given over to a large bedroom and a smaller bedroom above the kitchen. Corresponding to the foyer is a bathroom. There is no basement, just crawl space.</p><br>
<h3>Garage and landscaping</h3><br>
<p>The driveway ends at the garage just north of, and uphill from, the house. It is made of the same prefabricated concrete panels and has a flat roof, sloped to one side. Inside there is space for a single car. A storage bin is suspended over where the hood would be parked. A window has been cut on the south side, facing the house, from one of the concrete panels. It has glazed doors and side panels and is now used as a studio.</p><br>
<p>Stone retaining walls on the west side of the driveway and parallel to the rear of the garage create a small courtyard between the house&#39;s kitchen door and the garage. This is part of the overall landscaping of the property. The west (rear) yard has a terraced feel to it with the stone wall and garage providing an abrupt break in elevation, and is sheltered and insulated from the neighborhood by several mature trees. A drop similar to that in the rear follows the natural slope of the terrain at the east (front), heavily worked and planted with an assortment of shrubs and small trees. To the south, facing High Street, more thick planting and mature trees further shelter the house and buffer it from its neighbors.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was the first of what its developers hoped would be many they could replicate in two states with an innovative construction method and material. However, it proved more difficult to build than expected, and would be the only one of its kind. After falling into neglect a few decades after it was built, it has been restored by an early admirer.</p><br>
<h3>1929–1934: Suburbanization and opportunity</h3><br>
<p>In the late 1920s Westchester County began the system of parkways that would make it possible for residents to commute by car to New York City. The first section of one, the Saw Mill, passed through the eastern section of the village of Hastings-on-Hudson. To complement the existing intersection between the parkway and Farragut Avenue, a new street, Farragut Parkway, was built to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>Its completion in 1934 opened up the neighborhood around it, an area known as Uniontown, to subdivision and development. Residents of newer houses would find downtown Hastings and the parkway equally accessible, and Hastings began transitioning from a small river town built around the large sugar refinery then located along its waterfront into a commuter suburb. Investors were already speculating heavily on Uniontown property.</p><br>
<p>One of them was Hamlin Andrus of the nearby city of Yonkers. The son of John Emory Andrus, a wealthy industrialist who had served as that city&#39;s mayor and representative in Congress earlier in the century, he invested his inherited share of the family fortune in various local opportunities, primarily but not exclusively in real estate. Instead of building in more common contemporary styles such as Tudor or Colonial Revival on the land he owned at Farragut Parkway and High Street, Andrus decided to experiment with modernist styles. While European architects like Albert Frey, Richard Neutra and William Lescaze had introduced the smooth-surfaced, unornamented Bauhaus-influenced forms of modernism to the USA in the preceding decade, their work had primarily been in Southern California or the downtowns of larger cities. Modernism had not received wide exposure to the American architectural community until a 1932 exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art.</p><br>
<p>Andruss plan was to build a group of houses in the style on the Hastings property; and then, if they proved profitable, to build a larger development in Florida. He may have felt the use of prefabricated building materials and the sparseness of the style would make the houses more economical to build on the scale he planned, and thus more affordable in the Depression economy where traditional homes were too expensive for more than half the population. Concrete was not a common choice for houses in Westchester at the time, but it had history behind it. Six decades earlier, Highland Cottage, made entirely of precast concrete, had gone up in Ossining. Shortly afterward, the first reinforced concrete house in the country, Wards Castle, had been built on the Connecticut state line in Rye Brook.</p><br>
<p>Many of the European proponents of modernism had been emigrating to the USA in the face of rising totalitarianism in their home countries that was often animated by a hostility to the social movements that underlay their architectural movement. Instead of working with them, Andrus commissioned local architect Charles Horn to design the first house. With no relevant experience or prior work in the style, he managed to produce a house that had the hallmarks of the Moderne style, the American interpretation of modernist principles—the use of synthetic industrial materials, smooth surface, curving corner, and extremely restrained decoration. Inside, the house gave over most of its efficiently-used space to living and sleeping, the primary activities of a house, in keeping with the movement&#39;s philosophy that buildings should be honest about themselves and reflect the way people were actually living after industrialization.</p><br>
<h3>1934–1936: Construction</h3><br>
<p>Andrus worked with another local businessman, Louis Gelbman of Yonkers, an innovator who held 16 patents, to develop the concrete panels and their manufacturing process, which were also patented. Concrete and cinder were poured into a mold of steel bars that resembled a waffle iron. When they dried, the inch-thick (2.5 cm) panels looked like exaggerated C&#39;s, with six-inch (18 cm) returns as the arms. They were light enough that two men could carry each one, yet solid enough that none had begun to deteriorate when the house was renovated half a century later.</p><br>
<p>Gelbmans workers assembled them on the site by bolting the arms to a partial steel frame on the interior so the exterior would remain flush and smooth after being sealed with a mortar parge and surfaced with stucco. The arms left a space inside for insulation, usually vermiculite, another new material at the time, that would go behind the plywood panels used for the walls. To build floors, the panels were just laid horizontally on the summer beams, with the floors surface material (asphalt on the first story, cork originally upstairs) then laid on top, and the space between the arms available for infrastructure piping. Once the exterior was done, the openings for the doors and windows were cut and then they were installed.</p><br>
<p>The steel casement windows were also a relatively new building technology; however, their use and popularity was not limited to modernist buildings. Inside the building were more new products, such as fluorescent lighting and one of the first forced-air gas heating and cooling systems installed in Westchester. The heating was efficient enough that the fireplace hearth in the first floor living space could be reduced in size. Air conditioning was a very new feature for private homes at the time; it is possible that this reflected Andrus&#39;s hope to build similar homes in Florida.</p><br>
<p>Construction was longer and more complicated than Andrus and Gelbman had expected. Surviving photographs from it suggest that it was not easy to assemble the panels, as workers were not used to it. Measures to protect the patent on the concrete panels also slowed it down.</p><br>
<h3>1937–present: Decline and restoration</h3><br>
<p>Despite all the houses innovative technologies being included in an exhibit at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair, other builders did not adopt prefabricated concrete construction, except for occasional ranch houses, not because of its newness as much as their familiarity with existing construction materials and methods.</p><br>
<p>The house was controversial with its neighbors, as well. Many felt it clashed too strongly with their own more traditionally-styled houses, and were outspoken in their criticism. Some likened it to an appliance. Andrus may well have decided it was not worth it to build more either in Hastings or Florida, and found other investment opportunities. Horn never designed another modernist building.</p><br>
<p>After its completion, it was sold and occupied at least through the middle of the century. Eventually it grew vacant, and began to show signs of neglect. The neighbors, including those who had never liked the house, called for its demolition as an eyesore.</p><br>
<p>That was prevented in 1978, when Peter Muckenhaupt, a retired journalist and publicist who had watched the house being built as a boy when he lived nearby, bought the house. He began restoring it in earnest. It was necessary to remove the original walls. The broken window panes and HVAC systems had to be replaced, and the once-groundbreaking gas-fired system was now obsolete. "We wound up having to replace everything," he recalled. "It had to be treated like a brand-new house." The original cork flooring and plywood paneled walls on the second story were beyond repair and were replaced with the ceramic tile and gypsum walls now in place.</p><br>
<p>After the work was done in the early 1980s, Muckenhaupt rented it out since his family was too large for him to move them in. He researched the history of the house, finding little material but enough to support its successful nomination to the National Register. Once that had been achieved, he planned to move into the house.</p><br>
<p>Cumidava  was originally a Dacian settlement, and later a Roman military camp on the site of the modern city of Râşnov  in Romania.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>After Roman conquest of Dacia, the Dacian name Comidava had been modified by the Latin writers to Cumidava. (Note: It is very common in the Late Latin inscriptions to express the letter "o" by "u", e.g. patrunus instead of patronus protector, and Latin rumpia instead of Greek ρομφαια (Rhomphaia) Thracian claymore / sword.)</p><br>
<p>The name Comidava is a compound of dava ‘town’ and “comi”. The scholars&#39; opinions about the meaning of the Dacian word “Comi/Cumi” include:</p><br>
<p>‘Desire, love’- word explained by the ancient Iranian Kamya, with an obscure pronunciation of the "a". The term “Comi” is also contained in the name of the Dacian prince and priest Como-sicus</p><br>
<p>Lovely (Romanian Drăgăneşti)</p><br>
<p>Another town named Comidava / Cumidava was situated in the Remesiana’s territory</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early references</h3><br>
<p>Early references to Cumidava are made by the geographer Ptolemy in his Geographia, in the form Komidava (Κομίδαυα).</p><br>
<p>An inscription on stone dedicated to Julia Avita Mamaea, the mother of the Roman Emperor Alexander Severus (dated 222-235 AD), allows the localization of the Dacian settlement Cumidava in the area of present-day Râşnov.</p><br>
<p>The archaeological research at Râșnov was initiated in 1856 by Johann Michael Ackner and continued in 1939 by Macrea Mihail who also recorded the presence of Dacian pottery during the digs at the Rasnov Roman camp</p><br>
<p>The inscription found in 1939:</p><br>
<p>After Roman conquest, a part of the kingdom of Dacia was included in the Roman Empire. Septimius Severus (Roman emperor from 193 to 211 AD) pushed Dacia’s eastern frontier approximately 10 to 14 kilometers (6 to 9 miles) east of the Olt River (Limes Transalutanus), constructing a series of 14 camps, over a distance of cca. 225 km, beginning at Flămânda on the Danube and stretching northward to Cumidava (now Râșnov).</p><br>
<p>Cumidava had a military road link with Angustia (now Brețcu), the farthest east of the Roman campus in Dacia.</p><br>
<h3>From a Dacian town to a Roman military castrum</h3><br>
<p>The Roman military castrum Cumidava was identified at 4 km northwest of the city Râşnov, at the common border with the city of Vulcan.</p><br>
<h2>Sinaia lead plates</h2><br>
<p>Cumidava is mentioned also on the controversial Sinaia lead plates in the form Comidava, which is used as example to debunk the myth about them. According to the director of the Romanian Institute of Archaeology, Alexandru Vulpe, the tablets include only what was known before 1900, for example, the form Comidava from Ptolemy, although now it&#39;s known that the correct spelling is Cumidava, as found in 1942 in an inscription.</p><br>
<p>The Hammond House is located on Grasslands Road  in the Eastview section of the town of Mount Pleasant, New York, United States. It is a wooden building whose oldest part dates to the 1720s, with latter additions during the 19th century. In 1980 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the oldest houses in Westchester County, and one of only two remaining tenant houses from the Philipsburg Manor.</p><br>
<p>During the war the Hammond family bought the land; they held on to it until the 1920s, when New York City acquired the property to protect its watershed. It was planning to demolish the structure, when the county historical society bought the deteriorating house and restored it for use as a historic house museum. It remained open in that capacity for another half-century. When the society shifted its focus to primarily serving as an archive, it sold it to New York Medical College, which used as a medical research laboratory for a decade. It was again saved from potential demolition by two brothers who bought it in the 1990s. They have been restoring it and using it as a venue for small folk music concerts.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The house occupies a 1 acre lot on the east corner of a short, unnamed dead-end street that runs off Grasslands from the north roughly midway between Saw Mill River Road (New York State Route 9A) and the Sprain Brook Parkway in the Eastview section of the town of Mount Pleasant. The terrain is gently rolling, with the land across the road sloping to the south towards Mine Brook, a tributary of the Saw Mill River to the west. While the area is open and clear, there are no other residences nearby, with most development taking the form of large building complexes.</p><br>
<p>New York Medical College and Westchester Medical Center are to the north, across open space where new construction has gone up recent years. Across the road to the south is a large wooded area, with office parks beyond. Big-box retailers and associated strip malls are located along Saw Mill.</p><br>
<p>A line of trees along the road and a wooden fence on the other bounds set off the lot, with the street serving as a driveway. The house itself is in three sections. The main block is a five-bay one-and-a-half-story structure with a shingled gabled roof pierced by a single brick chimney in the center. It is sided in clapboard.</p><br>
<p>Running the full length of the south (front) facade is a porch. The overhanging roof eave is supported by six square wooden pillars. The main entrance, a paneled and glazed wooden door, is located the center. It has wrought iron hardware and a glazed transom above.</p><br>
<p>All the windows on the first story front and sides are 12-over-8 double-hung sash flanked by wooden shutters; those on the west facade are original to the house. The attic windows are six-over-six double-hung sash without shutters. On the north side, where fenestration is less regular, two shed-roofed dormer windows pierce the roof on the west side.</p><br>
<p>The two-bay west wing was built separately elsewhere, moved and later attached to the main block. Its roof is similarly gabled, but in a saltbox style, lower in the north than the south. Like the main block, the roof and sides are clapboard and shingled respectively. However, a large section of the west wall is bricked in where the fireplace was, and the chimney is at the end, reflecting that alteration as well.</p><br>
<p>A small shed-roofed porch supported by a single square wooden pillar shelters the house&#39;s secondary entrance, protected also by a modern screen door. The other front bay has a 12-over-8 double-hung sash window like those on the main block. On the west elevation is one six-over-six double-hung sash north of the bricking, and two six-light casement windows at the attic level, which does not rise as high as the main block.</p><br>
<p>The east wing is a two-story, two-bay addition. It has the same exterior treatment and gabled roof as the main block and west wing. The roof&#39;s slope is slightly gentler than the main block, and like the west wing its chimney is on the end. The first-story windows are six-over-six; the upper story has the same six-light casement seen on the west wing.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the main front entrance opens into a small front hall. On the west is the original parlor, with its original fireplace; opposite is the original kitchen. A large bedroom, with a fireplace, and several smaller rooms adjoin the kitchen. From the parlor is the western addition, now the kitchen wing, with two antechambers on its kitchen. It, too, has a fireplace.</p><br>
<p>The rooms all have their original wideboard flooring. All rooms have plaster walls, except for two in the parlor, which are wood. Some of the original wooden doors remain as well. A main staircase in the rear and a secondary one in the kitchen lead up to the unfinished attics. There is no basement.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After two relatively stable centuries, the house&#39;s more recent history has seen more periods of uncertainty.</p><br>
<h3>1719–1860: Construction and expansion</h3><br>
<p>Bermuda-born William Hammond came to the colonial Province of New York in the early years of the 18th century. He eventually earned enough to lease 200 acre of farmland on the Philipsburg Manor, the colonial land grant that took up what is today most of eastern Westchester County. He began building a house there in 1719, now the main block of the existing building, and finished it the following year.</p><br>
<p>The house is architecturally noteworthy for several reasons. First, its full-length front porch under the overhanging roof is similar to that on the Elijah Miller House, also listed on the National Register, in nearby North White Plains, built a few years later. Second, Hammond built the house without a basement and with its structural beams dovetailing with each other, so that the house could easily be dismantled, moved and reassembled in another location if he lost his lease (it has been described as an early version of a mobile home). Third, of the approximately 200 homes known to have been built by tenant farmers on the manor, it is one of only two that have survived.</p><br>
<p>Hammond would never need to move. He became a fixture of the community, serving as captain of the local militia from 1755 on. He also became an elder of the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow, the oldest church in New York and today a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Upon William&#39;s death in 1762, his eldest son, James, inherited the house and leasehold. James Hammond followed his father into the local militia, serving as its captain as well when it fought on the Patriot side during the Revolutionary War shortly after he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. In August 1776, he was promoted to full colonel shortly before leading his troops into the Battle of White Plains.</p><br>
<p>Some recently discovered evidence supports a long-retold legend that, minutes after George Washington left a brief meeting with Hammond at the house in 1780, it was surrounded by opposing Loyalists. Seeking to capture Washington, they instead settled for Hammond, and he was held prisoner on a ship on the Hudson River for a year and a half, then released at the end of the war.</p><br>
<p>With the end of the war and the beginning of American independence came the end of the manor system. Hammond was able to buy not only the land the house stood on but the surrounding 242 acre, where he continued growing wheat and flax. He further followed his father&#39;s footsteps to the leadership of the Old Dutch Church in Sleepy Hollow, where he was elected a trustee in 1786.</p><br>
<p>James Hammond died in 1810. His family inherited the house; it stayed in their ownership for several generations over the course of the 19th century. Several of his descendants distinguished themselves in the military as well.</p><br>
<p>Twice during their ownership, the house was expanded. In 1835 a small detached cottage on the property was moved and attached to the house, becoming the west wing. A quarter-century later, in 1860, the east wing was built.</p><br>
<h3>1861–present: Ownership changes and preservation</h3><br>
<p>The Hammonds eventually departed, and the house was left unoccupied. By the early 20th century it came into the ownership of the New York City Bureau of Water Supply. It was the only improvement on a 157 acre parcel surrounding the important junction of the Catskill and Delaware aqueducts. To better protect the city&#39;s water supply, the bureau planned to demolish the neglected and deteriorated structure.</p><br>
<p>In 1926, however, the Westchester County Historical Society persuaded the city to sell them just the house for $50 ($ in modern dollars). As part of the transaction, the city retained the right to demolish the structure and the society retained the right to move it, as well as use the acre around the house for its purposes. The society restored the house and reopened it three years later, operating it as a historic house museum, with a "hodge-podge" of displays that inaccurately represented early 19th century farm life as being authentic to the period of the house&#39;s construction.</p><br>
<p>During the next half-century, the house would become known around the county for its museum use. The society did some minor repairs, replacing some floorboards and replastering some walls. After the 1960s, however, it limited its work to routine maintenance, neglecting the buildings structural system. The houses 1976 listing coincided with a change in the society&#39;s mission from historic preservation to historical research, to the detriment of the house and its contents. Potentially valuable artifacts and records languished in unorganized, insufficiently protected conditions within the house.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1980s it was obvious that some more work needed to be done. With a grant from the Norcross Wildlife Foundation, the society commissioned a historic structure report. It turned out that repairs would cost $500,000. Since they could not justify that level of spending without assurances that the city would not invoke its right to tear down the house, the society&#39;s board tried to persuade the city to donate the underlying acre or sell it to the society at a token price.</p><br>
<p>Those discussions were unsuccessful, and in 1984 the board turned to another Westchester-based historic preservation organization, Historic Hudson Valley (HHV), which operates and maintains several historic homes, including some National Historic Landmarks, as far north as Annandale-on-Hudson in Dutchess County. The board hoped that HHV would help them with moving the house, the city&#39;s preferred option, to the main Philipsburg Manor house in Sleepy Hollow, a site managed by that organization. HHV was interested, but only found the main block worth preserving, as it was the original house.</p><br>
<p>The societys board was unwilling to sacrifice the wings. So, in 1989, it went public with its predicament and put the house up for sale. It hoped to be able to keep it on the original site, but said it would talk with anyone who had a viable plan for adaptive reuse. The poorly stored artifacts and records were moved to the countys newly built Records Center in Elmsford.</p><br>
<p>At the end of that year it announced that it had found a buyer—nearby New York Medical College, which was starting to expand in the area to the north of the house, along with Westchester Medical Center, the former Grasslands Hospital. The sale price was undisclosed at the time, but it was reported that the college would pay $50,000 to update the houses electrical and heating systems, as well as repaint both the interior and exterior. The house became its center for field research on Lyme disease, then a growing public health problem during Westchesters summer months.</p><br>
<p>By 1995, however, the house was again facing the threat of demolition or relocation. Antiques dealer Frederick Rock and his younger brother Michael were able to put together the money to buy it, and spent several years fixing it up so he could live there. A folk music enthusiast, he began hosting regular hootenannies in 1999. These grew into a series of backyard performances featuring artists like The Kennedys, Jack Hardy and Terre and Maggie Roche.</p><br>
<p>Merestead, also known as the former Sloane Estate, is a historic home located at Mount Kisco, Westchester County, New York. It was the country estate of William Sloane, president of W. & J. Sloane. It includes a neo-Georgian mansion completed in 1907. It was designed by Delano and Aldrich and is a -story, rectangular mansion with open porches on the ends and a -story service wing. Also on the property are 12 other contributing buildings: a garden house , two garages , carriage house, , a tenant house , cow barn , stable , storage / playhouse building , and four small shed / outbuildings date to about 1900.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The estate is now a park owned by Westchester County. Tours of the mansion are offered on a limited basis by appointment only.</p><br>
<p>The Adolphus Channel or the Albany passage is a channel located in the Torres Strait, situated northeast of the Cape York Peninsula, in Queensland, Australia. The channel runs north of the Albany Island, one of the islands if the Manar group of the Torres Strait Islands archipelago, and to the south of Mount Adolphus Island. Adolphus Channel is a major shipping route for traffic passing from the eastern  coast of Australia to the Gulf of Carpentaria, Arafura Sea and regions further west. It is about 7 km across at its narrowest point, mostly less than about 20 m in depth and opens towards the west  and towards the east . Submarine dunes  up to 5 m tall migrate along the Adolphus Channel seabed, posing a potential risk to safe navigation.</p><br>
<p>On the night of 28 February 1890, the Royal Mail Ship RMS Quetta struck a rock and sank in Adolphus Channel, sending 134 of her passengers to their deaths.</p><br>
<h2>Manar group of islands</h2><br>
<p>Adjacent to the channel are the Manar group of islands comprising:</p><br>
<p>Albany Island</p><br>
<p>Bush Islet</p><br>
<p>Eborac Island</p><br>
<p>Ida Island</p><br>
<p>Mai Islet</p><br>
<p>Middle Brother Islet</p><br>
<p>Tree Island</p><br>
<p>Ida Island is north and adjacent to Muddy Bay, while the remaining islets are adjacent to Pioneer Bay on the north east coast of Albany Island. Some of the islands and reefs in the area have dual naming with traditional names from the Torres Strait Islander people.</p><br>
<p>Indian Hill Avenue Historic District is a 35 acre historic district in Portland, Connecticut that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It includes Greek Revival and Late Victorian architecture. When listed, the district included 17 contributing buildings , two contributing sites and one contributing object.</p><br>
<p>Among the contributing buildings are eight from the 1700s, including the Thomas Stevenson House was built c. 1766 and the Abiel Cheney-George Lewis, Jr., House built c.1785.</p><br>
<p>The listing boundaries "were chosen to reflect the patterns of historic settlement, insofar as they are known. The river forms easily delineated borders on the north and west, and Main Street was taken as the eastern boundary because its character is predominantly 19th-century, reflecting a later period of growth in the area&#39;s history than the largely 18th-century Indian Hill settlement. The boundaries of the district include all of the hypothetical extent of burials as posited by the report of the Public Archaeology Survey Team, as well as coinciding closely with the boundaries of the Wangunk tract sold in</p><br>
<p>1765."</p><br>
<p>The Church of Our Lady of Esperanza is a Roman Catholic parish church in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York, located at 624 West 156th Street between Broadway and Riverside Drive in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan in New York City.</p><br>
<p>The church is part of Audubon Terrace, which was designated a Historic District by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission on January 9, 1979, but it is organizationally separate from the museum complex.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The parish was founded by Dona Manuela de Laverrerie de Barril, the wife of the Spanish Consul-General in New York. Archer Milton Huntington, the railroad heir and founder of the Hispanic Society of America, was recruited to the cause and funded the project for the second Spanish-speaking Catholic church in New York. The church building was begun in 1909 to designs by Archer&#39;s cousin, Charles P. Huntington.</p><br>
<p>The first pastor, in 1912, was the Rev. Adrian Buisson, formerly pastor of the Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe at 229 West 14th Street. Upon his retirement in 1952, the Rev. Francis Soutberg "was appointed Pastor until 1955 when Father Bernard Guillett assumed the position. Presently the Reverend Monsignor Peter O&#39;Donnell is pastor."</p><br>
<p>The Goinger Halt is a mountain in the Kaisergebirge range in the Northern Limestone Alps in Austria. It has a double summit: a northern top to the rear, the Hinterer Goinger Halt , and a higher, southern top in front, the Vorderer Goinger Halt . The name "Halt" means something like Alpine meadow and refers therefore to the peak over the meadow areas, that belong to the parish of Going .</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Goinger Halt climbs immediately east of the Ellmauer Tor from the cirque of the Steinerne Rinne and so lies in the central part of the Kaisergebirge. Opposite it to the west are the peaks of the Karlspitzen and the Fleischbank.</p><br>
<p>To the north the Halt is preceded by the Predigtstuhl. The main crest of the mountain ridge runs away to the southwest, finally culminating in the Ackerlspitze and, to the northwest, steep rock faces plunge into the Griesner Cirque.</p><br>
<h2>Routes</h2><br>
<p>The Hinterer Goinger Halt counts as one of the easiest and therefore one of the most frequented peaks in the Wilder Kaiser. Its summit cross may be reached in 40 minutes from the Ellmauer Tor on a straightforward, signed climbing path, although secure footing is required. On fine, summer&#39;s days numerous visitors jostle one another on the very small summit.</p><br>
<p>The Vorderer Goinger Halt is clearly more challenging and also accessible from the Ellmauer Tor. The route initially follows the climb to the Hinterer Goinger Halt, but bends right at a wind gap and follows a climbing route, that is only signed Steinmandl. Therefater the route is rocky and exposed; requiring an unsecured UIAA grade II climb. The summit which has a summit register is reached after a good hour and offers not only a wide panorama, but also more peace than the Hinterer Goinger Halt.</p><br>
<p>A popular climbing route at grade III runs from the Predigtstuhl wind gap over the northern arête to the summit of the Hinterer Goinger Halt.</p><br>
<p>The Stripsenkopf is a 1,807 metre high mountain in the Kaisergebirge range of the Northern Limestone Alps in Austria. It belongs to the Zahmer Kaiser group and its summit is covered in mountain pine.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Stripsenkopf rises immediately north of the Stripsenjoch saddle, which separates the peak from the Wilder Kaiser.</p><br>
<p>Its unique location makes the Stripsenkopf a very popular destination with its commanding view of the rock faces on the Karlspitzen and Totenkirchl. From the Stripsenkopf a wide ridge runs northeast over to the Feldberg (1,814 m), a frequently used climbing path heading along it toward Griesenau. On the west side the Stripsenkopf falls away into the Kaisertal valley, its slopes covered in mountain pine and woods. To the southeast its steep flanks and gullies drop into the Kaiserbach valley.</p><br>
<h2>Routes</h2><br>
<p>Numerous signposted routes lead to the Stripsenkopf. As a rule they do not pose any problems and are therefore very frequently used. The normal route begins at the Griesner Alm (1,000 m) and leads via the Stripsenjochhaus to the summit with its wooden pavilion after about 2.5 hours. Considerably longer is the route from Kufstein via the Anton Karg Haus and the Hans Berger Haus to the Stripsenkopf in about 5 hours. In addition there is a climb from the Kohltal valley near Schwendt over the Tristecken and another route from Griesenau via the Scheibenbühelalm and the neighbouring Feldberg to the Stripsenkopf.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Williams–DuBois House is located at Grace Lane and Pinesbridge Road in New Castle, New York, United States. It was built by an early settler of the area during the Revolutionary War. In 1989 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Originally built in the Georgian-influenced American Colonial style, it later acquired some Federal style decoration, particularly on the interior. The lunette windows on the second story may have been added later, after their use on a now-demolished local hotel. Despite later modifications, it is the only house from that era remaining in the town that has a gambrel roof. It remains a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The house and its outbuildings and dependencies, none of which are considered contributing resources to the Register listing, are located on a three-acre (3 acre) lot on the northern corner of the three-way intersection, a quarter-mile (400 m) from the Ossining village line. The surrounding area has many other houses, all of more modern construction, on similarly large lots. It remains heavily wooded; a golf course is located a short distance to the north. Among the trees on the lot are some species rare in the area, native to the Far East.</p><br>
<p>The surrounding terrain is gently rolling. At the intersection Pinesbridge follows high ground between two swampy areas. The lot therefore slopes toward Oliver Pond to the northwest.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>A driveway from the intersection provides parking between the house and a former barn to the south, now used as a garage. The house itself is a one-and-a-half-story, five-by-three-bay wood frame structure on a fieldstone foundation. It is sided in clapboard on all but the north (rear) elevation and topped with a gambrel roof shingled in wood. Brick chimneys pierce it at either end.</p><br>
<p>On the ground level of the south (front) facade, the main entrance is centrally located. It is sheltered by a modern awning. The two side bays have plain window surrounds with projecting lintels. They are set with six-over-six double-hung sash windows and paneled wooden shutters with wrought iron hardware. A row of shrubs in front provides further shielding.</p><br>
<p>All five bays of the second floor are set with lunette windows with simple tracery. They have plain molded surrounds. Above them is a shallow molded cornice and copper rain gutter.</p><br>
<p>The north elevation, divided into three bays, is faced in wood shingles rather than clapboards. In the center of the ground floor, the rear entrance is a Dutch door with twelve lights in the upper section and paneling in the lower. On its east is a casement window, set with five eight-light panels. The western bay has a small square window and a ribbon of five single-light casement windows. The second floor has six-over-six double-hung sash over the entrance flanked by triple-paneled eight-light casement.</p><br>
<p>The east and west facades are differently fenestrated. The former has one nine-over-six double-hung sash on either side of the first floor, four regularly spaced six-over-six double-hung sash on the second, and two six-light casements in the gambrel apex at the attic level. The foundation is partly exposed on this side.</p><br>
<p>On the west the windows are more idiosyncratic. To the north on the first floor is a ribbon of four six-light casement, and on the south a 12-over-eight double-hung sash. There are only two six-over-six sashes on the second story, both close to the ends. At the attic the windows are the same as the opposite end. The foundation is exposed enough at the center to allow for a basement entrance and window.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>A millstone now serves as the doorstep for the main entrance, an eight-paneled door in a paneled reveal. It has sidelights, glazed on top and paneled below, flanked by pilasters topped with block capitals. It opens into the central hallway through an entryway framed by post and lintel boxed beams.</p><br>
<p>Along with the center hall, the interior mostly retains its original four-on-four floor plan and many original finishes. That includes exposed heavy timber framing, wide floorboards and working fireplaces, with all but one having chimneys in the original diagonal configuration, as well as much vernacular Federal style woodwork. Most prominent among that is the fireplace in the front room on the east. Its mantelpiece has a surround featuring pilasters with square capitals and a frieze with floral motif. There is a large opening between it and the back room on that side, while the two rooms on the west remain entirely separate.</p><br>
<p>A simple staircase with square balusters, turned newel post and molded rail rises from the central hall to the second story. The balustrade continues along the stairwell in the second floor hallway. Like the first floor, many original finishes remain. A door in the hallway conceals a short stair to the attic, which also mostly remains as it was originally constructed. Modern metal suspension rods have been added to support the ceiling, and one of the original wooden tie beams has been replaced with a metal one.</p><br>
<p>In the basement, hand-hewn columns support the main beam and chimneys. Flat-arched structures at the bottom have openings used as storage bins. The floor is concrete.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Throughout the 18th century, northern Westchester County was mostly divided into large farms, while the countys southern portion was more densely populated, with the larger villages. It is believed that one such farm was the hundred-acre (40 ha) farm that includes the house property. No record of its purchase exists, but later records show Arthur Williams, upon his appointment as a town assessor in 1803 and later as the districts highway master, as living at the property and suggesting he had done so for a long time. His family had been in the region since the 17th century; he very likely built the house.</p><br>
<p>Its design reflects the architectural influences that prevailed from the middle of the century through American independence. Migrants from New England had begun settling in the Hudson Valley, bringing with them a preferred vernacular building form of a rectangular one-and-a-half-story house of local material with gambrel roof. Inside the prevalent Georgian influences were more marked: a center-hall, four-over-four floor plan and balanced facade. Many houses like the Williams house, which may originally also have included a rear porch, were built through the 1820s.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1800s, Arthur&#39;s son William inherited the property. In his primary profession of sea captain he traveled extensively, bringing back specimens of Far Eastern trees which he planted around the property. On his breaks, he was the local public school inspector. After his death on one of his voyages, in 1826, the farm passed to his daughter Georgianna.</p><br>
<p>Around that time the house was first modified. The Federal style was in ascendance, and builders were often asked to copy the similar Adamesque mode popular in Britain for the preceding half-century. Many existing buildings were altered to add some elements of those newer styles. One such change, the lunette windows, was common, and thus the windows on the second story of the house&#39;s south facade were duly altered. The change may have been inspired by the Union Hotel (no longer extant) in downtown Ossining, which had a similar row of lunettes.</p><br>
<p>Georgianna Williams married Lawrence DuBois, descended from a family of Belgian Huguenots who extensively settled the central region of the valley. Her husband primarily farmed the land; he also served in the same position as highway master that his wife&#39;s grandfather had held. They had two children.</p><br>
<p>Their son, William, inherited the property. In 1864 he married Sarah Washburn, a member of a prominent Ossining-area family. During their ownership, the rear porch was installed, possibly replacing an original. A front porch was definitely installed. Both had a shed roof supported by brackets.</p><br>
<p>William and Sarah had eight children, but after her death in 1926, none of them would inherit the farm. Instead, her husband sold the property to a local developer. By that time the growth of the railroad, and the early development of the county&#39;s parkway network had brought suburbanization to northern Westchester. Large farms like the one that had been in the family for a century and a half were slowly disappearing, and after the sale the Williams–DuBois farm joined them, subdivided into the smaller, purely residential lots that exist today.</p><br>
<p>The house has been through several different owners since that subdivision, some of whom have made some changes. In 1940 the porches were removed, replaced with a patio in the rear and the millstone in front, and a large entryway cut inside between the east rooms on the first floor. Later owners have respected the house as part of the countys history; however sometime between the Register listing and 2009 the portions of the chimneys originally exposed on the exteriors first story have been covered in clapboard.</p><br>
<p>The Richard Austin House is located on Croton Avenue  in the village of Ossining, New York, United States. It is a wood frame structure dating to the 1870s. In 1989 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>At the time the house was built, Ossining was beginning its transition from a country town to a commuter suburb of New York City. The Austin House is one of the few from that period of the community&#39;s history to remain completely intact, both outside and in, although two extensions were added in the 20th century. It is currently the home of the Ossining Historical Society, which operates a museum in the building.</p><br>
<h2>Building and grounds</h2><br>
<p>The house is located on a half-acre (0.5 acre) lot at the east corner of Croton and Bradshaw Drive, a short cul-de-sac in eastern Ossining. To the west and southwest is Roosevelt School, a public elementary school. Across the street, on the north side of Croton, is Ossining Gospel Assembly of God Church. East, across Bradshaw, are 20th-century houses, which otherwise predominate in this section of the village. The terrain is a level area between low hills on the east and west.</p><br>
<p>A group of mature shade trees buffer the lot along Croton. From the corner a driveway leads to a small parking lot south of the house. A flagpole is on the front lawn. A display case on the property holds an old farm wagon and an original mile marker from the Albany Post Road. These are not considered to contribute to the sites historic character. However, a well in the south yard, now covered by a large block of slate, is believed to be original to the property, and is thus the only other contributing resource to the houses Register listing.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The main block of the house is a two-and-a-half-story, rectangular, three-bay gable-roofed wood frame structure on a brick and stone foundation. Attached to the southeast corner is a similar extension, giving the whole house an L shape. Detached from this extension is a one-story frame gabled garage.</p><br>
<p>All faces are sided in clapboard. Across the first story of the north (front) facade is a wooden veranda. Its chamfered wooden posts with scroll-sawn side brackets hold up a flat wooden roof. Stone stairs, alongside a balustraded wooden wheelchair ramp, lead up to the deck, which has a latticework wooden drape below. A similar veranda is located on the south.</p><br>
<p>On both stories, windows are set with double-hung two-over-two sash, with decorative drip-mold wooden lintels and flanking louvered wooden shutters. The attic windows are smaller and round-arched, but otherwise have the same treatment. On the rear extension&#39;s west face, the windows of a small flat-roofed projecting bay are one-over-one double-hung sash, and are matched by recessed panels in the basement beneath. The south (rear) facade of the main block has the same window treatment but a simpler, square, single-light, single-hung attic window.</p><br>
<p>Below the roofline is a simple wooden frieze. Above it the broad overhanging eaves end in a molded cornice. The roof itself is shingled in slate and pierced in the middle by three corbelled brick chimneys with stone caps.</p><br>
<p>The garage addition has a gabled roof. Its foundation is purely brick. It has three-light casement windows in the basement and large double doors with six-light windows.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>An extensively molded surround frames the segmental arched main entrance. It has panelled reveals and a transom with a single light. The double doors have decorated panels below double-light hinged windows. They open onto the original floor plan. A central hall with a stairway to the upper floors. On the east is a living room, with a dining room opposite, and the kitchen to the rear of that. Double doors at the south end lead to the rear veranda.</p><br>
<p>The main feature of the living room is its original fireplace. It has a stone hearth, black brick surround (giving way to red at the chimney). Its molded wooden surround and mantelpiece have square pilaster capitals below a frieze with a floral pattern.</p><br>
<p>Both the living and dining rooms share molded baseboards and ceilings connected to the wall with a slight cavetto. The dining&#39;s room fireplace has been covered. Its most notable decorative feature is the entryway to the projecting west bay, an elliptical arch with projecting brackets. Within the bay itself the walls have panels below the windows. The kitchen, to the south, has low vertical wainscoting and a recess for the old dumbwaiter in the rear wall. A door in its south wall leads to a section of the garage that has been renovated into living space.</p><br>
<p>A staircase with a turned and panelled newel post, octagonal at its base, and a balustrade featuring turned and fluted balusters leads up to the second floor. From there it extends along the hall to the door to the attic stairs. There are four bedrooms. The floor has a lower baseboard than the first floor and no molded detailing, but is otherwise similar to the downstairs. The master bedroom has its own bath, the dumbwaiters upper recess, and a closet incorporating two chests, their drawers retaining their detailed handles. In the south wall of the hallway, a door leads to stairs with a molded handrail down to the kitchen. Next to it another door opens onto the rear verandas roof.</p><br>
<p>With the exception of an east room set off by vertical boards, the attic is unfinished. Brick nogging is in between the gable studs and the rafters, where they meet the floor. Below the first floor, double bulkhead doors of paneled wood sheathed in metal under a segmental arched brick lintel lead to the basement. Inside, the basement has a concrete floor, round wooden supports and a wooden staircase to the kitchen.</p><br>
<p>The garage addition&#39;s first floor has been extensively renovated for residential purposes and does not have much of its original finish. Some traces remain, such as the stuccoed walls, tin ceilings and ceiling radiators.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally known as Sing Sing, Ossining was for its earliest years primarily a port along the Hudson River, where farmers further inland brought their crops to ship to the markets of New York City downriver. They came down the Croton Turnpike, today Route 133, or the Albany Post Road (now USA Route 9). The settlement became Westchester County&#39;s first incorporated village in 1813.</p><br>
<p>Development began to benefit Ossining in the next several decades. First the Post Road was relocated to the west, creating the crossroads that now centers the village&#39;s downtown. Then, later in the decade, the prison was built. A decade afterwards, in 1837, the Old Croton Aqueduct, no longer in use today but a National Historic Landmark, was built through downtown, to provide water to New York. This era was capped by the construction of the Hudson River Railroad in 1849.</p><br>
<p>Ossining was now an hour from the city by train, making it possible to work there and live in what was still the country. Within the railroads first year it was already offering three extra trains during morning rush hour two years later it had to add another one. The combined population of the village and the surrounding Town of Ossining nearly doubled in the railroads first six years. The Civil War in the early 1860s slowed this growth but did not stop it. By 1880, it had grown by more than 50%, to almost three times its 1850 population.</p><br>
<p>During this era Richard Austin, a local lawyer whose family had been living in the area since 1820, was one of many to recognize the potential for growth. Along with his family, he bought vacant local parcels and sold them to people who would build houses on them. Throughout the seven decades of peak development in Ossining, records show that Austin, his father and grandfather were involved in 58 real estate transactions.</p><br>
<p>In 1878, he was living on Main Street downtown, near where he worked. He decided to build a new family home on two acres (2 acre) then just outside the village limit, in an area where farmland was slowly giving way to middle-class housing. There were over 20 houses within a half-mile (1 km) of the site.</p><br>
<p>Austin chose to build in the Gothic Revival style&#39;s Picturesque mode. This movement had been kicked off in the 1830s by the writings of Andrew Jackson Downing, who lived further up the Hudson in Newburgh. In his pattern books, particularly The Architecture of Country Houses, he extolled the rustic simplicity of the many cottage designs as more honest and attuned to the surrounding natural landscape in a way that the Greek Revival, the preferred mode for country homes in the early 19th century, could not possibly be.</p><br>
<p>While it is a rather late application of the style, the Austin House nevertheless has the features Downing advocated. It has a single, symmetrical form with cross-gables and a full-width veranda. Ornament is not shunned but reserved for the main features of the house, such as the brackets on the veranda and the main entrance&#39;s door paneling. While it is unavoidably present, it remains simple in character, another virtue Downing sought.</p><br>
<p>The Austins lived in the house for 15 years after its construction, by which time the suburbanization of Ossining was complete. After they sold the house in 1893, it passed through other private owners. One of them built the two-and-a-half-story rear addition in 1911. In 1920, a barn that had originally been on the rear of the property was removed to a short distance away and converted into a residence. By 1930, the garage addition had been built.</p><br>
<p>There have been no other significant changes to the house. In 1970, it was sold to the Ossining Historical Society,</p><br>
<p>Highland Cottage, also known as Squire House, is located on South Highland Avenue  in Ossining, New York, United States. It was the first concrete house in Westchester County,</p><br>
<p>Built by a prominent local man with an interest in new construction techniques, it has seen several different uses over the years. It was a sanitarium in the early 20th century, then a hospital and later a restaurant. For most of that century, the Squire family ran a local business school there. Since then it has returned to residential use.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The property is on the southwest corner of the intersection of South Highland and Maple Place, across the former from Ossining High School and the latter from the brick 1870 First Presbyterian Church designed by Isaac G. Perry. The historic district boundary currently runs in the middle of the streets between those buildings, both of which are contributing properties to the district, and the cottage. To the west are other houses; an apartment building is to the south. The lot slopes to the west, in the direction of the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>The house itself is a two-story, three-bay structure of 18-inch–thick (18 in) load-bearing precast concrete blocks faced in stucco. It is topped by a steep polychromatic hipped roof shingled in a fish-scale pattern. The northern bay of the main block rises to a peaked tower above the roof. A one-story northern wing has a mansard roof pierced by gabled dormer windows.</p><br>
<p>Bay windows project from all facades except the north. They have narrow round-arched one-over-one double-hung sash windows with stippled corners scored to give the appearance of quoins serving as surrounds, becoming segmental arches with projecting keystones; a fleur-de-lys carved from Sing Sing marble is on the front stone. Above them a bracketed cornice with broad eaves sets off the flat roof; on the second story they are echoed by a tripartite window with a projecting continuous stippled surround and otherwise similar treatment to the first-floor windows.</p><br>
<p>On the northern bay of the east (front) facade, from which the southern bay projects slightly, the main entrance is located in a recessed round-arched entryway with similar decoration as the windows; its keystone has a lion. Above it is an oculus with a shell on its projecting keystone. The north wing has a wooden balustraded porch and arches as well; behind it are round-arched two-over-two double-hung sash in quoined surrounds. The gabled dormers are steeply pitched; within them are small windows similar to those below.</p><br>
<p>Pendants support the brackets at the roofline cornice above the tripartite window; all the other brackets on that cornice are identical to those on the bay windows. Above the tripartite window an engaged turret rises. The lower of its two stages has round-arched one-over-one double-hung sash. Another bracketed cornice above it supports the flared, conical roof.</p><br>
<p>On the entrance tower, the roofline is continued with a section of concrete laid to appear as a slightly projecting flat course. The tower&#39;s roofline is broken by another double-hung two-over-two round-arched window flanked by mirroring brackets. Above its projecting cornice is a small jerkin-roofed one-over-one round-arched window. The top of the peak has an iron weathervane and some other decor.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance has a short set of steps and round-arched walnut double doors. The inside is paneled in dark oak, intricately molded. The floor is also oak, with alternating light and dark strips. All doors on the first floor are nine feet (3 m) high and echo the round-arched configuration of the entry doors, with brass hardware. Windows on the first and second floors have recesses for interior louvered shutters. The ceilings are of molded plaster, with some detailed medallions on the first floor. Around the house are seven stone fireplaces in different styles, with gold trim. The librarys has a carved marble lions head similar to that above the main entrance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Henry J. Baker, the builder and first occupant of Highland Cottage, bought the property in 1869. A successful New York City businessman who moved to Ossining, he had an interest in construction, having initiated the effort to build a new Methodist church in town. The local newspaper reported in March 1872 that he was going to build houses of "Swiss architecture" on his lots on Highland and Mott Street (as Maple Place was then known).</p><br>
<p>Concrete had been used to build American houses before, but only rarely, due to the abundance of wood and masonry. Since it was so unusual, English workers were brought over to build the house, which early on earned the disparaging local nickname of "Mud House". The concrete used for the precast blocks was Rosendale cement, made at what is now the Register-listed Snyder Estate Natural Cement Historic District in Rosendale, further north in the Hudson Valley. It would be the first concrete house in Westchester County, predating the better-known reinforced concrete Ward Castle in what is now Rye Brook by four years. The High Victorian Gothic style used was also an unusual choice for house.</p><br>
<p>Six years later, in 1878, Baker died. His estate took three years to sell. In 1881, the Dickey family gave it the name Highland Cottage when they moved in. Six years later, they moved. Their buyer, an elderly woman, lived there for a short time before selling in turn to a man named John Cockcroft.</p><br>
<p>Cockcroft lived in the house, without making any significant changes to it, for 17 years before selling it to Dr. Amos Squire in 1905. It would take his name as his family put it to a number of different uses over the course of the 20th century. Five years after moving in, Squire, then the head physician at nearby Sing Sing Prison, converted the first floor into Grandview Sanitarium, a mental hospital. In the years after World War I, Squire, a member of the state Naval Militia, used it as a hospital for injured sailors.</p><br>
<p>During the 1920s Squires public service continued, as the villages health officer and a county medical examiner. In 1920 the ground floor became the Castle Inn restaurant, while the Squires retained their upstairs quarters. After the restaurant moved to other premises in 1923, the family took over the house again. When Dr. Squire assumed the medical examiner&#39;s position in 1925, his secretary needed to be able to accompany him on any emergency calls, so a basement apartment was constructed for the man and his wife to live there from 1936 to 1944.</p><br>
<p>After 1944, the space was rented out for medical offices. Dr. Squire died in 1949, leaving the house to his daughter, Evelyn Squire Culp, who had herself been born in the house 44 years earlier. Culp, a practicing lawyer and graduate of Columbia Business School, started the Squire School of Business in the house in 1952. She continued to teach office and secretarial skills there for 20 years, and tutored private pupils until 1984.</p><br>
<p>That year she donated the house to the Westchester Preservation League. For the next 12 years it remained her residence. After she moved out in 1996, the league sold the house to a private owner, and so it has remained since.</p><br>
<p>Isaac Young House is an historic wood frame house on Pinesbridge Road in New Castle, New York, United States. It was built about 1872 in the Second Empire style. Its owner, Isaac Young, was a descendant of early settlers in the area. He chose the Second Empire style, more commonly found in cities and villages than on farms, possibly as a way of demonstrating his affluence. The present structure appears to incorporate parts of a vernacular late 18th-century farmhouse, leaving several anomalies in the current house as a result. The houses position atop a low hill would have, in its time, given it a commanding view of the region, including the Hudson River and New York Citys skyline.</p><br>
<p>Isaac Young House is the only Second Empire house from that era in New Castle. There have been several renovations and alterations, including the removal of its original Italianate central tower. The current owners restored it extensively after purchasing it from the Youngs. In 2004 the house and its barn were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>The earliest recorded owner of the property on which the house now stands is a Henry and Mary Slason, who sold 140 acre including its current lot to a Gilbert Strang in 1795. Over the course of the early 19th century it was subdivided further and eventually became property of the Chadeayne family, owners of other large parcels in the area.</p><br>
<p>Isaac Young was a native of Putnam County to the north, who had come to New Castle from his fathers farm in Southeast ten years after the older mans death in 1846. He worked on the farm of the Chadeaynes neighbors the Vails, where the father had died around the same time, leaving his widow and three of their children to tend things. In that job he became acquainted with Mary, and the two wed in 1858. At some point after the 1860 census, the couple moved out and began looking for land they could farm on their own. In 1868, the present property comprising two parcels of land, a combined 36 acre, were sold to Elizabeth Young, Isaacs wife.</p><br>
<h3>Young family</h3><br>
<p>For the rest of the 19th century, the Youngs lived at the house and farmed. Mary died in 1902, with her son inheriting the property and her husband retaining the lifetime right of tenancy, which he exercised until his own death in 1914. Although the 1900 census describes both Isaac and John, who had married one of the Chadeayne daughters two years earlier, as "retired", later records suggest that the property was again being actively farmed. An aerial photo from the early 20th century shows the house surrounded by regularly planted trees, suggesting an apple orchard or something similar.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the 1920s the Youngs sold many of their landholdings. At that time the growing use of automobiles was accelerating the suburbanization of Westchester County that the railroads had begun several decades earlier, bringing it to the previously rural and agricultural northern section where New Castle is. Farms like the one the Youngs and Chadeaynes had run were increasingly being subdivided into the large residential lots which characterize the area today. At the time of John Young&#39;s death in 1939, the property was inventoried at 17 acre and the house characterized as "of a type that is obsolete in the real estate market in Westchester County today".</p><br>
<p>In the years after World War II, Johns widow Lottie and her son, James, sold several more parcels off, finally reaching the current 5.8 acre lot in 1952. In 1955, unable or unwilling to subdivide the property further, they took out a mortgage on. James employment epitomized the change in the upper Westchester economy over the 80 years since the house was built—the grandson of farmers, he was commuting from their land to a regular job as a commercial artist at the Manhattan offices of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company.</p><br>
<p>Lottie Young died the same year she and her son took out the mortgage. He inherited the property. It had fallen into disrepair, and in 1961 he sold it to the current owners, the Clarks.</p><br>
<h3>Recent history</h3><br>
<p>Small changes had been made to the house over the years. Plumbing was installed, the breakfast room created by walling off part of the front verandah, and the half-bath created in the kitchen wing by eliminating a stair. It is likely that the cupola had been removed as well. The reforestation that followed the decline of agriculture in the region was encroaching on the view; while it was possible to see the Hudson River in 1961 from the roof, this is no longer so (When the leaves are down the skyscrapers of the city are still visible, and the mountains of the Hudson Highlands can easily be seen to the north).</p><br>
<p>The current owners have made some changes of their own in the last 40 years. They opened a second-floor closet to provide access to the sleeping loft, then converted it into a playroom. On the third floor they created one of the bedroom closets.</p><br>
<p>Most of their efforts have been aimed at restoring the original decorative splendor of the house. On the inside, the molding on the plaster ceilings has been added and the dining room molding restored. Outside, they replaced the front verandah balusters and rear verandah columns with parts meant to be as close to the original as possible. In the early 21st century the main stair&#39;s balusters and newel posts were replaced.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings and grounds</h2><br>
<p>The house is located on a 5.8 acre lot on the east side of Pinesbridge between Apple Farm and Hoags Cross roads, three-quarters of a mile (0.75 mi) west of its partial interchange with the Taconic State Parkway. The neighboring properties on the same side of the street are houses of various eras on similarly large lots, many now heavily wooded and planted with mature trees. It sits atop one of the area&#39;s low hills, The house stands in a generally cleared lot, and is approached by a roughly circular driveway which leads up from the road. In a wooded portion at the rear of the lot are remnants of old stone walls and foundations.</p><br>
<h3>House</h3><br>
<p>The architect and builder of the house are unknown; it is probable that they were local and, if anything, used pattern books of the era. While the Second Empire style of the house was a common one in the 1870s, it was mostly used in urban settings. The Youngs supplemented the proceeds of their farming through real estate transactions, including some in nearby Ossining, so they would have been familiar with it. In choosing the Second Empire style as their preferred mode for a country house, they may have been very overtly showing off their prosperity.</p><br>
<p>The house, as originally built, has a number of features further suggesting this, such as the carefully and elaborately finished interior, particularly the first floor. Its cupola, which the roof stairs were originally meant to serve, would have allowed sweeping views over the property, much less forested at the time, to the Hudson River and Palisades beyond. It is unclear, why so many bedrooms were built, as it does not appear from census records or any other source that people other than the Youngs or their only child, John, ever lived there for any length of time.</p><br>
<p>It is probable that the house was built by expanding and modifying an earlier one on the same site, probably an 18th-century vernacular farmhouse of the type still common in the area at the time. Many of the "oddities" of the current structure suggest this:</p><br>
<p>The secondary staircase on the first floor is how the main staircase of an earlier house would have been built and located.</p><br>
<p>The hand-hewn beams in the basement, some with the bark still present, appear to date to the earlier period. The foundation itself is only located under two of the first floor&#39;s four rooms, suggesting an earlier structure with a smaller footprint.</p><br>
<p>The kitchen wing&#39;s different window treatment and gable suggest it was originally attached to a house similar to itself.</p><br>
<p>The many windows and doors that seem to have just enough space for themselves suggest builders working carefully to fit the new house to the original.</p><br>
<p>An entry in the Biographical History of Westchester County, written around 30 years later, supports this. It refers to Young as "constantly having made improvements and added to the beauty and value of his country home."</p><br>
<h4>Exterior</h4><br>
<p>The house is a three-story, four-bay wood frame structure on a stone and brick foundation, sided in clapboard. The house is topped with a mansard roof clad in hexagonal slate scales. There are two wraparound verandahs. On the south side a brick chimney rises the full height of the building. The structure of the house and arrangement of the various architectural features such as doors and windows is asymmetrical.</p><br>
<p>On the western (front) facade, there are a door and two windows on the lower floor, with three windows above. The main entrance is to the left side, set apart from the windows by a blind bay, a treatment echoed in the second-story fenestration. The door has a segmental arch with transom. On both stories the windows are set in pedimented surrounds flanked by louvered wooden shutters. They are set with two-over-two double-hung sash windows. There is a verandah across the west front with a return on the south side of the house, both having a flat roof supported by eight square columns with chamfered corners, square capitals and rectangular bases. North of the main entrance, on the facade, is a similar pilaster. Above each column, and below the eaves, are paired wooden brackets. Along the floor is a railing supported by turned balusters.</p><br>
<p>At the roofline, paired brackets similar to those of the verandah support a molded cornice above a plain frieze. On each side the mansard roof is pierced by two dormer windows, both topped with gentle arches and supported by side brackets. Alternating with the windows is a medallion design formed with the slate tiles, of one red one surrounded by yellow ones. There is metal flashing at the corners.</p><br>
<p>On the east (rear) elevation, there is a one-and-a-half-story gabled kitchen wing, its roof pierced by a single brick chimney in the center. The main block here is narrower than the front, and slightly off-center. Its entrance is further to the north than the main entrance, and the clapboard is wider than that on the rest of the house. There is also a wraparound veranda on the kitchen wing, with square columns that become cylindrical and arches connecting them at the roof.</p><br>
<p>Its ground story has casement windows on the north, within the veranda enclosure. There are two sash windows on the south, one of which is so close to the kitchen wing it is the only unshuttered window on the house. The second floor has three different windows—a northern window with shutters similar to the windows on the front but no pediment, the middle one a small square window with a sill too long on one side, and on the south one with a larger lower pane than upper, dropping below the gable&#39;s roofline.</p><br>
<p>The south elevation has two double-decker bay windows, one smaller than the other. Both are five-sided, set with six one-over-one double-hung sash augmented by a rectangular panel beneath them. At the corners are pilasters with square capitals, like the front verandah&#39;s columns. The eaves have the same double brackets as the main and verandah rooflines.</p><br>
<p>On its face are windows with the same treatment as the main facade&#39;s—two on the first floor and one on the second. A portion of the rear verandah subsequently enclosed to create a breakfast room has casement windows, and there is a small kitchen window next to it. The upper portion of the gabled kitchen wing has two six-pane windows.</p><br>
<p>The north face is the plainest. Both stories have the same pattern of three windows, pedimented and shuttered, as the west and south. The easternmost window on both is irregularly spaced, displaced to near the eastern corner. A pair of double doors in the foundation near the east lead to the cellar.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>A large flagstone serves as a walk to the three front steps flanked by newel posts and railings. The main entrance doors are recessed slightly in their molded surround. They have an arched top panel with the lower corners cut out and a square lower panel with all the corners cut.</p><br>
<h4>First floor</h4><br>
<p>In the front hall, a lamp hangs from a round decoration on the plaster ceiling with curved decorations and radiating lines. The main stairs, flush with the north wall, have octagonal newel posts with beaded panels and a flattened finial. They are succeeded by turned balusters.</p><br>
<p>Paneled double doors at the east end lead into the parlor, the largest room in the house. Molded baseboard runs around the entire room. The windows are complemented by panels in the wall below and a two-inch (5 cm) wooden drapery rod with acorn finials above. In the ceiling plaster is a molded cornice and two friezes, with a sunflower surrounded by other floral motifs at the center.</p><br>
<p>The decorative centerpiece of the parlor is the black stone mantelpiece. It has an arched opening with beveled edges on the rectangular top. Its projecting keystone is decorated with thin incised baroque curves. The stub of a chimney still rises from it.</p><br>
<p>Double doors lead into the living room to the east. It has baseboard molding and a similarly decorated plaster ceiling, although its design is more oval. A plaster archway leads into the bay window, with a baroque keystone similar to the parlor mantelpiece and pilasters with a floral motif and Ionic-style brackets on top. French doors with 14-pane windows open into the breakfast room. The living room mantelpiece is wooden with a projecting curved medallion on top and similarly incised baroque decoration.</p><br>
<p>Another set of double doors leads to the dining room, in the northeast corner of the house. It, too, has baseboard molding and a plaster ceiling cornice. A passageway to the kitchen is framed by a pointed arch made of tongue and groove paneling, flanked by pilasters similar to the verandah columns. Molded doors lead to the china closet, a larger closet under the stairs, and the cellar. The dining room mantelpiece is simpler, made of wood with a rectangular top, Tudor arched opening and square pilasters, again taking after the verandah columns. A chimney breast in the room is not connected to the mantel.</p><br>
<p>The kitchen is in the rear wing. Its walls and ceilings are tongue-in-groove paneling, with the exception of the brick eastern wall. A paneled door on the east opens onto the veranda; another door on the north has been nailed shut. There is a half-bath and closet on the west side, both with paneled doors.</p><br>
<p>Between the three main rooms of the first floor in the main block is a back hallway with the same baseboard molding. All of its doors just barely fit, and have no molding. A small staircase leads from it to the second floor. It has a newel post with a flattened top and handrail with turned balustrade.</p><br>
<h4>Second floor</h4><br>
<p>The second floor is all bedrooms, except for that portion in the kitchen wing. Originally it was a sleeping loft as well, but has since been converted into a children&#39;s playroom. The back hall is the primary means of access to all rooms save a guest bedroom.</p><br>
<p>At the top of the back stairs are an identical newel post and balustrade around the stairwell. Most doors have paneled doors and a molded surround. The exception is the two doors on the north side, of tongue-and-groove paneling without surrounds.</p><br>
<p>Through a former closet, an oval door similar to a submarine&#39;s bulkhead door leads to the playroom. It is necessary to step down, and the ceiling is only 5 feet 10 inches (70 in) The exterior clapboarding is visible on the west wall.</p><br>
<p>The master bedroom, with the upper bay window, is on the south side. It has the same rectangular panels as the lower window. Its arched entrance is similar but with an acanthus leaf on the front of the bracket. Baseboard molding is around the room, complemented by a cornice in the ceiling plaster.</p><br>
<p>In the northeast corner is another bedroom. Its windows begin almost at floor level. There is also baseboard molding and a ceiling cornice, but its main decorative element is the mantelpiece. It is a simple Greek Revival design, with simple pilasters on each side supporting a rectangular entablature. A closed doorway that would have led to the other bedroom is wider than all the other doorways in the house.</p><br>
<p>That other bedroom is the simplest in the house. It has only the baseboard molding, and simple molding over the closed door. The guest bedroom, in the southwest corner, has rectangular panels below the windows and an acorn doorstop on one of the doors from the master bedroom. It has the baseboard but no ceiling decoration.</p><br>
<p>The bathroom has the baseboard molding. The lower section of its two-over-two sash is larger than the upper. The wall separating it and a hallway closet curves, and there is a chair rail around the room.</p><br>
<h4>Third floor</h4><br>
<p>Upstairs, the decoration is simpler. The walls slant due to the mansard roof. There are three bedrooms, one closet, and a stair leading to the roof.</p><br>
<p>The southeast bedroom has a closet with only the lower half of the door. The exterior of the hallway door is paneled, but the interior surface is tongue-and-groove. There is a similar door on the northeast bedroom, which has a curved wall and exposed chimney. The parlor chimney comes up through the southwest bedroom.</p><br>
<p>A closet with a similarly dual-surfaced door is located near the top of the stairs. The hallway&#39;s baseboard is more ornate than that in the rooms. Between the northeast and southeast bedrooms a door opens to the stairs to the roof.</p><br>
<h4>Cellar</h4><br>
<p>The cellar takes up the space under the living and dining rooms. The floor is cement. The ceiling retains some wooden beams that are crudely hewn trees, one of which still has the bark on it, support the ceiling, while others have been replaced with steel girders. On the walls the stone and brick of the foundation is exposed. A cistern on the north has been filled in. A stone column appears to have been a support for a fireplace that no longer exists. The original flue for a coal furnace remains on the west side. The inside of the cellar door has strap hinges.</p><br>
<p>At 2,329 metres above sea level, the Ackerlspitze is the second highest peak in the Kaisergebirge range in the east of the Austrian state of Tyrol. The mountain is located in the eastern part of the range, also referred to as the Ostkaiser or East Kaiser. To the east it is flanked by the Maukspitze , to the north it sends a ridge to the Lärcheck . To the southwest a prominent, rocky arête runs over to the Regalmspitze  and on to the Kleines Törl. To the south the Ackerlspitze drops steeply, with vertical rock faces in places, into the Leukental valley. To the northwest it falls away just as steeply into the Griesner Cirque  and to the northeast into the Mauk Cirque . On fine days there is an attractive and extensive panoramic view from the summit of the Ackerlspitze over the neighbouring mountain groups and as far as the Chiemsee lake in Bavaria as well as the Großvenediger.</p><br>
<h2>First climbed</h2><br>
<p>The first touristic ascent was achieved on 1 October 1826 by Karl Thurwieser and J. Carl, led by Stephan Unterrainer.</p><br>
<h2>Bases and tours</h2><br>
<p>From the south</p><br>
<p>The base for the classic ascent of the Ackerlspitze is the Ackerl Hut (self-catering) at 1,460 metres. From here the route strikes north to the Niedersessel Cirque (Niedersesselkar) (there is often a steep and dangerous old icefield here until mid-July). From there the route runs on the southern side, partly equipped with safety cables and iron rungs, through the Hochsessel and continues along the eastern arête to reach the summit in 3 hours. According to the literature it is an easy grade I, but exposed tour with a risk of falling rocks, requiring dry conditions, sure footing, no fear of heights and Alpine experience. The valley base for this route is Going.</p><br>
<p>From the north</p><br>
<p>A less frequented route, which is well worthwhile and less demanding than that from the south. The start point is the Griesner Alm in the Kaiserbach valley, from there the path snakes upwards to reach the Fritz Pflaum Hut (1,865 m, self-catering). From there it is another 2 hours to the top along the shaded northern flank of the Ackerlspitze. This route is rather easier, not so exposed and endangered by falling rocks compared with the southern option, but not usually usable until July due to fields of old snow.</p><br>
<p>Maukspitze crossing</p><br>
<p>Those who have climbed the Ackerlspitze can take in the crossing to the neighbouring Maukspitze in the blink of an eye. From there is a signposted, but very exposed route with only a few safety facilities and significant gradient. From the Maukspitze it is usual to take the relatively straightforward southwestern arête to the Niedersessel and back to the Ackerl Hut.</p><br>
<h2>Sources and maps</h2><br>
<p>Horst Höfler, Jan Piepenstock: Alpenvereinsführer Kaisergebirge alpin, Munich 2006,</p><br>
<p>Alpenvereinskarte 1:25.000, Kaisergebirge, Sheet 8</p><br>
<p>Bush-Lyon Homestead is a historic home located at Port Chester, Westchester County, New York. The earliest part was built about 1720. It is a -story, five-by-two-bay, frame residence faced in shingles and clapboards. It has a center stone chimney. The rear kitchen wing and 1-story north wing were added about 1800 and the house given its saltbox configuration. In the mid-19th century, the present porch was added with its Doric order piers and a 1-story, gable-roofed wing added. Also on the property are a carriage house, former slave quarters, and a storage building / corn crib. The property was purchased by the village in 1925 from the Bush estate. It served as headquarters for General Israel Putnam, 1777–1778.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Wayside Cottage is a historic home located at Scarsdale, Westchester County, New York. The earliest part of the house was built about 1720 and is the four-bay-wide, two-bay-deep, -story south section. It sits on a fieldstone foundation and has a gable roof and verandah with Doric order piers. The center section of the house was built in 1828 and it is a -story, three-bay-wide structure with a gable roof and sheathed in clapboard. A third section is known as the "caretaker&#39;s quarters" and was built in the late 19th century. It is two stories high, three bays wide, and two bays deep. A wing was added to this section in 1928. The house underwent a major restoration in 1953–1954. Since 1919, it has been owned by the Junior League of Central Westchester.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<p>The Edward Harden Mansion, also known as Broad Oaks, is a historic home located on North Broadway  in Sleepy Hollow, New York, United States, on the boundary between it and neighboring Tarrytown. It is a brick building in the Georgian Revival style designed by Hunt & Hunt in the early 20th century, one of the few mansions left of many that lined Broadway in the era it was built. Also on the property is a wood frame carriage house that predates it slightly.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>and Both buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Edward Harden had earned fame and fortune as the Chicago Tribune reporter who broke the story of Admiral George Dewey&#39;s victory in the Battle of Manila Bay. He later left journalism for finance, and after earning a seat on the New York Stock Exchange commissioned the house. Shortly after it was built, he allowed part of the home to be used for a new kindergarten that was the first Montessori school in the USA The Harden family later moved to nearby Scarborough. It was used as a home for retired seamstresses and, in the middle of the century, sold to the local school district, which continues to use it as its main offices today.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The mansion is located atop a small hill on the east side of Broadway, adjacent to Patriots Park, listed on the Register as the site where John André was captured during the Revolutionary War, exposing Benedict Arnolds espionage for the British. On the east property line is the Old Croton Aqueduct, a National Historic Landmark. The house straddles the municipal boundary between Sleepy Hollow and neighboring Tarrytown. It and the park are the transitional area between the densely developed downtown sections of the two communities, to the west, and residential areas to the east, marked by tall mature trees sheltering houses on large lots. Sleepy Hollow High School and the district&#39;s middle school are to the north and the elementary John Paulding School is to the south. A drive leads up from Broadway, curving south to a parking lot to the southwest. Another large parking lot is in the rear.</p><br>
<p>The main house itself is a brick-faced nine-by-five-bay structure, two and a half stories tall with dormer windows and brick chimneys piercing its hip roof. On the north and south end are two-story, three-bay flat-roofed wings faced in decorative woodwork. A one-story service wing is on the rear, and an open porch on a stonework foundation with an iron railing runs along the ground floor of the west (front) facade, wrapping around both porches.</p><br>
<p>All windows on the seven bays of the main block&#39;s west facade are double-hung sash, 20-over-1 on the first floor (except for modern, narrower one-over-one on the northwest corner) and 15-over-15 upstairs. Some have projecting window air conditioner units. They have marble sills and splayed brick lintels with marble keystones. Recessed panels are worked into the brick between the two stories; the corners are quoined. At the roofline is a modillioned, dentilled cornice. The small six-over-six double-hung sash in the five dormers are topped with pedimented gables.</p><br>
<p>From the center of the south facade the porch projects. It is a three-by-three-bay two-story wooden extension with a flat roof. Corner pilasters support a frieze with molded dentils. On the first story all windows are small six-over-six double-hung sash, replacing the original French windows. They are within semicircular arches supported by paneled pilasters. On the second floor the 12-over-12 double-hung sash form balconettes. Above it three more gabled dormers pierce the roof. The north porch is similar but smaller, recessed slightly into the corner. Both porches are flanked on the main block by windows with the same treatment as the corresponding windows on the west facade. On the northeast corner, the service wing has a flat roof, windows in a variety of configurations, and an entrance porch.</p><br>
<p>The east facade runs the full nine bays since it includes the rear of the north porch. Its windows are the same as the others on the house. In its center is a recessed three-bay two-story entrance porch, the house&#39;s original front entrance, creating three-bay flanking pavilions with two smooth columns on either side supported by sandstone Composite capitals. In the center bay the entrance has its original stained wooden single-panel door with narrow pilasters and leaded glass sidelights and transom.</p><br>
<p>Similar columns flank the west entrance, which is topped by a single-bay pedimented segmental-arched porch. The door itself has been replaced with a modern one; its overhead transom has been filled in as well. It opens into a large entrance hall with a staircase reported to have been brought from a genuine Colonial house in Boston. The walls that once separated the dining room on the north and drawing room on the south have been removed. Many original finishes remain, such as the plaster walls and ceilings; wood, plaster and marble fireplace mantels and black walnut woodwork in other places. The bathrooms upstairs retain their white tile floors.</p><br>
<p>The carriage house is a one-and-a-half-story wood frame building at the northeast corner of the property. It has a clipped gable roof, bracketed eaves and a small cupola. Its windows are double-hung sash in a variety of configurations.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1898, then 29 year old Chicago Tribune business editor Edward Harden was riding along on the USS Hugh McCulloch, a revenue cutter, when it was summoned to join the Asiatic Squadron under the command of Commodore George Dewey, as the Spanish–American War broke out. He was one of three reporters who witnessed Deweys victory in the Battle of Manila Bay, the first by the USA Navy over a foreign fleet since the War of 1812. From Hong Kong he was able to scoop the other two by paying the telegraph operator with a bag of gold to expedite the dispatch to his paper. It reached the United States ahead of Deweys official report, which had been sent first, and even President William McKinley found out when the Tribunes editor awoke him with the news.</p><br>
<p>Seven years later, after service as a special commissioner in the Philippines and editor of the Chicago Journal, he left journalism for finance and business. He was successful enough as a stock trader to earn a seat on the New York Stock Exchange, and married Ruth Vanderlip, sister of Frank Vanderlip, Assistant Treasury Secretary during the Spanish–American War and later president of National City Bank. The couple and their children were drawn to the Tarrytowns, where many other prominent wealthy families of the time lived.</p><br>
<p>They commissioned Hunt & Hunt, a firm run by the sons of Richard Morris Hunt, to design the house in what was then known as North Tarrytown, in 1909. Harden bought four acres (4 acre), which included the carriage house, likely built for a predecessor house. The architects chose the new Georgian Revival style for the building, which was widely covered by New York and Chicago newspapers. Harden was aware of the Revolutionary-era history of the nearby land, and may have chosen an 18th-century revival style to reflect this. He collected memorabilia related to John André, a collection held today by the Tarrytown Historical Society, and later bought the land for use as a public park.</p><br>
<p>After two years at the mansion, the school was moved to the Vanderlips property in nearby Briarcliff Manor, where it became the Scarborough School. Among its later students were some of Franklin Delano Roosevelts grandchildren. The Hardens, too, moved to Scarborough in 1926, supposedly finding Broadway had become "too noisy". It was sold to the estate of Margaret Howard, an Irish immigrant who had become a millionaire dressmaker in New York. She had directed in her will that a large amount of money be used to purchase and maintain a home for retired seamstresses like those who had worked for her, an unusual idea at the time. Two years after the sale, in 1928, the Sisters of Mercy managed the home as the first residents moved in.</p><br>
<p>The seamstresses kept busy, sewing uniforms for American troops during World War II. Ten years after the war, in 1955, the house was sold to the Union Free School District of the Tarrytowns, which converted it slightly. The mansion to the north had already been used as the basis for a private boys&#39; school, the building that is now Sleepy Hollow High School. Later the southern mansion became John Paulding School, named for one of the local militiamen who had apprehended André nearby. The district has continued to use it as its administration building.</p><br>
<p>Mapleton, also known as Alumnae House, College of White Plains, is a historic home located at White Plains, Westchester County, New York. It was built in 1867 and is a large, -story five-bay residence with Second Empire and Italianate-style design details. It features a large verandah, a central pavilion tower capped with a small dome, and a mansard roof with slate tiles. Also on the property is a polygonal frame gazebo. From 1894 to 1925, it housed the convent of the Sisters of the Divine Compassion. In 1925, the house was acquired for academic use. It was owned by the College of White Plains , which merged with Pace University in 1976.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. In 1997, it was included as part of the Good Counsel Complex national historic district.</p><br>
<p>Good Counsel Complex, also known as Convent of the Sisters of the Divine Compassion, is a national historic district located at White Plains, Westchester County, New York. The district consists of 10 contributing buildings, including the separately listed Mapleton. In addition to Mapleton, contributing buildings in the complex includes the convent , chapel , House of Nazareth , cooking school / infirmary , heating plant / workshop , Tilford House , St. Ann&#39;s Cottage , and carriage house / stable . The buildings include regionally significant examples of Romanesque Revival and Mediterranean Revival inspired architecture. The buildings house the Academy of Our Lady of Good Counsel.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Bedford Road Historic District is located along that street in the unincorporated hamlet of Armonk, New York, United States. Its 4.5 acre contain nine contributing properties, all wood frame buildings from the mid-19th century in variations and combinations of the Federal and Greek Revival architectural styles. In 1985 the group was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Armonks history began with the buildings, erected in the mid-19th century when the congregants of St. Stephens Episcopal Church, the oldest building in the district, subdivided and sold the large parcel the church was on to their rector in order to give the church a solid financial footing. In selling the land for house construction, the congregation was the first to use the name Armonk for the area, and the properties have likewise been described as the hamlet&#39;s first residential subdivision.</p><br>
<p>Architecturally, the houses and church are a rare surviving group in classically-inspired styles in that part of Westchester County. Some are used as professional offices today. The church&#39;s cemetery, in which many of the inhabitants of the houses and other early residents of North Castle are buried, is also part of the district.</p><br>
<p>Since its construction, the district has undergone some changes. Another, smaller house was built within it in the 1880s. The church has gone through several parsonages, one of which has been demolished, along with an additional building used as a girls school. Highway construction and relocations following IBMs 1964 choice of Armonk for its corporate headquarters changed Bedford Road from a major through route to a dead-end street. In the early 21st century the redevelopment of the land north of the district into Armonk Square, a mixed-use shopping center and apartment complex required the construction of a street in the middle of the district to meet parking requirements, a move which was highly controversial within the community.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The roughly L-shaped district is located along the north side of the road, in the southern section of downtown Armonk. Its boundaries mostly follow land lot lines, beginning one lot east of Main Street (also New York State Route 128 (NY 128)) and taking in the next seven lots to the west, crossing Elm Street, where 44 Bedford Road, the churchs former rectory, now has its frontage, in the process. At Maple Avenue, where St. Stephens church is located, it extends further north than the other rear lot lines almost to that street&#39;s westward turn.</p><br>
<p>On these lots are 12 buildings, most located on 100 by lots. Eight of them—the six houses, one outbuilding and the church—are considered contributing properties to the districts historic character. The churchs cemetery is further included as a contributing site. The remaining three buildings are all non-contributing detached modern garages.</p><br>
<p>To the south of the district, across the street, is North Castles town hall, a mid-20th century brick Colonial Revival building. It is the center of a municipal complex that includes parking lots, baseball fields and other auxiliary government buildings between Bedford Road and New York State Route 22 (NY 22), at this point a divided four-lane highway, with IBMs corporate headquarters opposite. East of the district is the Wampus River, a tributary of the Byram, buffered on either side by public parks.</p><br>
<p>Bedford Road continues for 500 ft before reaching a dead end at one of the exit ramps for the interchange of Interstate 684 and NY 22. North of the district is the Armonk Square development, a mix of retail and residential properties. The rest of downtown Armonk, a mix of residential buildings on side streets with larger institutional and commercial buildings on and near main, moderately developed with many large interspersed mature shade trees, is to the northwest. The terrain of the district, like downtown as a whole, is level, one of the few large breaks in an otherwise continuously hilly region.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>Except as noted below, the houses have a number of features in common—timber framing, two stories, side-gabled roofs, modern siding, six-over-six double-hung sash windows with louvered wooden shutters. Also, construction date is ca. 1850 unless noted otherwise.</p><br>
<p>Two buildings, both former parsonages, that were erected by the church, have since been demolished. One, built across Bedford Road from the church in the 1850s, was demolished almost a century later when the town hall was built. The other, the former home of a girls school established by the church, was extant at the time of the Register listing but was considered non-contributing due to extensive modifications and deterioration at the time; the districts boundaries were thus drawn to exclude it. It was demolished around 1990 to clear the way for a mixed-use development on the land north of the district where it had been sited, vacant and neglected for several decades.</p><br>
<p>12 Bedford Road: Like its neighbor at 16 Bedford, the westernmost house in the district is on a lot with only 50 ft of frontage. It has an asphalt-shingled roof with return eaves pierced by a central brick chimney. On the three-bay south (front) facade is a wraparound veranda with a hipped roof supported by Doric columns with entases; the paneled entrance door has sidelights. A rear addition and detached garage are of more modern construction and non-contributing.</p><br>
<p>16 Bedford Road: Also three bays wide, the next house is the only one with a front gable. At ground level a stone foundation is visible. The Doric pillars support the hipped roof of a front porch. It was moved to its present location in 1888.</p><br>
<p>24 Bedford Road: A driveway separates 16 Bedford from the next house over, a more sophisticated four-by-three-bay structure with a side gable and two brick end chimneys piercing its roof. It has no porch or veranda; however, on the east of the front facade is a two-story bay window with two-over-two double-hung sash, added in 1880. The main entrance, immediately adjacent on the west, has a Greek Revival door surround, sidelights, Doric pilasters and a full Doric entablature. In the house&#39;s rear is another modern non-contributing detached garage.</p><br>
<p>30 Bedford Road: Also known as the Nehemiah Searles House, this four-by-three structure retains its original clapboard siding. Its roof is pierced by a single brick chimney at the east end; at the roofline are Yankee gutters and return eaves. Among its windows are some six-light casement windows; all have molded surrounds. The main entrance is on the west side with an enclosed vestibule. Another non-contributing detached modern garage is in the rear.</p><br>
<p>40 Bedford Road: At two and a half stories this is the tallest of the houses. Two brick end chimneys pierce its roof, which is distinguished by wide fasciae at the roofline above a row of three-light casement eyebrow windows. The centrally located main entrance on the five-bay facade has a semi-circular Colonial Revival porch supported by two pillars with a conical roof. It has a similar door treatment to 24 Bedford, with a transom taking the place of the entablature.</p><br>
<p>In the rear, north of a parking lot, is the only contributing outbuilding in the district. It is a small timber frame structure with clapboard siding and a gabled roof on a stone foundation. In the front a small entrance ramp provides access to one of two vertical board doors; there is another one at the west end of the south facade.</p><br>
<p>44 Bedford Road. At the time of the National Register listing, the former rectory for St. Stephens Church was located at the end of a short driveway. That has since become part of an extended Elm Street; however, the buildings address has not been changed and the buildings three-bay south (front) facade still faces Bedford Road. It was built in 1880, making it the newest of the districts houses.</p><br>
<p>This one-and-a-half-story frame structure on a concrete-covered foundation, sided in clapboard and wood shingle with a front-gabled roof, is the smallest of the district&#39;s houses. Most of the windows are the same six-over-six double-hung sash as that seen on the other houses; there is one six-light casement on the south. The foundation windows are all three-light casement.</p><br>
<p>The south facade also has a hip-roofed veranda with exposed rafters. It is supported by turned posts rising from a millwork balustrade. The main entrance, on the west, has a paneled door. On the north side there is a one-story two-by-one-bay shed-roofed addition. It has a secondary entrance.</p><br>
<h3>St. Stephen's Episcopal Church</h3><br>
<p>Built in 1842, this Greek Revival church at 50 Bedford Road is the oldest building in the district. Its clapboard-clad facades rise to a front-gabled roof topped by a two-stage tower with belfry. On its north (rear) is a non-contributing mid-20th century Sunday school wing.</p><br>
<p>The main entrances, on the south facade, are on either side of a recessed porch. Two round fluted Doric columns in antis are in the center, flanked by square Doric pilasters. The porch is topped by a full entablature and pediment.</p><br>
<p>The tall, narrow rectangular stained glass windows on the east and west sides are set in decorative surrounds. Inside the church has been remodeled in the Gothic Revival style; the pews are arranged so that there is no center aisle. Both stages of the tower have corner pilasters topped by molded cornices with broad overhanging eaves; the second stage has louvered vents. Atop are four narrow wooden steeples connected by a balustrade.</p><br>
<p>To the rear and west of the church, filling out most of the remainder of its two-acre (2 acre) lot, is its cemetery, considered a contributing site to the district. It contains approximately 450 marked graves, dating to 1844 at the earliest. To its south it is bordered by a wood post and rail fence, with a more modern stone fence topped with a wooden rail on the west, parallel to Elm Street. A wire fence sets it off on the east, leaving the north open.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The development of the district has until the late 20th century largely been driven by St. Stephen&#39;s Church.</p><br>
<h3>1700s–1830: North Castle before the church</h3><br>
<p>What is now the Town of North Castle was first settled by Europeans at the beginning of the 18th century. The colonial governor gave the town its name around 1721, when it was first used in records. Pound Ridge was split off from it in 1745. Even so, it still rivaled nearby Bedford as the most populous town in Westchester County as of the first USA census in 1790, the year before New Castle was created from the town&#39;s former northern portion.</p><br>
<p>Most of the land in North Castle was ideal for agriculture, and thus the town was primarily known for its large farms. Over the century, a few small settlements had sprung up, such as Banksville, Kensico and Mile Square, the beginnings of today&#39;s Armonk. But despite the large and prosperous population, most of whom were of English descent and members of what had, after American independence, become the Episcopal Church, there was as of the early 19th century no house of worship in North Castle. Congregants had to go to Bedford, or other nearby towns such as Mount Kisco or White Plains, for services.</p><br>
<h3>1831–1842: Establishment and construction of the church</h3><br>
<p>This began to change in 1831, when The Rev. Robert William Harris was appointed rector of Grace Church in White Plains, one of those that North Castle residents traveled to for services. He took it upon himself to tend to the areas other congregations that did not have clerical leadership, including a growing group in Mile Square. By 1841 he was conducting informal services in a log cabin near the churchs present site.</p><br>
<p>Late in the following year the church was formally incorporated as St. Stephen&#39;s Church North Castle, Westchester County, New York. Harris was appointed its rector. The first order of business was to build a dedicated church, and two of the first committees formed had the tasks of raising money for that project and overseeing its planning and construction.</p><br>
<p>The church soon settled on a draft plan, and the building committee was expanded. One of its new members, Elisha Sutton, donated a quarter-acre (0.25 acre) from the northeast corner of his farm. After the committee budgeted $2,000 for the construction of the actual church, a vestryman, Ziel Eggleston, donated some of the lumber and built the church for free.</p><br>
<h3>1843–1866: Development of neighboring land</h3><br>
<p>With the church erected, the congregation concentrated on two more goals: financial stability and getting a pastor who would be exclusive to St. Stephens. Harris proposed a way of ensuring both. The congregation should obtain a lot on which it could build a parsonage, or already had a suitable house. It would be owned by the vestrymen and wardens, who could purchase shares for a hundred dollars apiece. Once he was settled in the home, the new pastor would be able to buy back those shares at that same price when he so chose, and thus the house would over time revert to his ownership. He would also have to set up a girls school in the building.</p><br>
<p>It took until 1850 to begin to put this plan into action. A 13 acre lot to the north and west of the church was purchased from the estate of Sutton, the congregant who had donated the church&#39;s original land. It would be subdivided into 40 lots, with two set aside to serve as a burial ground and parsonage (now 40 Bedford Road) respectively. Construction of the house on the latter lot was financed via subscription, to start when two-thirds of the possible subscriptions had been sold; like the church, its budget was capped at $2,000.</p><br>
<p>The new land soon became known as "the Armonk Square", after the new name of the growing hamlet, derived from the Native American term for the area meaning "a valley or fishing place between hills" that the church officers were using to promote the available land. St. Stephens officers heavily promoted the lots within it, and the houses to be built on it were expected to cost at least a thousand dollars. In 1852 a new pastor, The Rev. Isaac Dychman Vermilye, was appointed assistant rector and the principal of Chester Female Institute, the girls school, then run out of the rectory. Early the next year, Rev. Harris resigned the rectorship, and Vermilye replaced him. The churchs board also approved a plan to add classroom and dormitory space for at least 32 students to the parsonage; however, a separate structure (no longer extant) was built instead. Two years later the church formally adopted Harriss plan by which Vermilye would come to own the remaining lots and received the proceeds of their sale.</p><br>
<p>Vermilye served as pastor through his death in 1864. The church prospered during this period, with its congregation including Major Gen. Alexander Hamilton, grandson of his namesake, whose service during the Civil War included commanding the Union Army troops that suppressed the New York City Draft Riots. After his death, the congregation conveyed the house and accompanying lots to his wife Josephine; she continued to operate the Female Institute for several years.</p><br>
<h3>1867–1888: Renovations and other improvements</h3><br>
<p>In 1867, Vermilye&#39;s successor, The Rev. Cornelius Winter Bolton, referred to as just C.W. Bolton, became rector. In 13 years, he oversaw significant renovations to the church. The original clear glass side windows were replaced with stained glass and the original pew doors were removed. Across the street, he supervised the construction of a new rectory (no longer extant), since Josephine Vermilye was still living in the original one.</p><br>
<p>The changes to the church and its surroundings continued after Bolton left in 1880. Four years later, the church bought from Josephine Vermilye, who was still living at 30 Bedford, two of the lots of the Square in order to expand its cemetery. Around the same time, 44 Bedford Road, the last of the districts contributing properties, was built. In 1888, 16 Bedford was moved from its location closer to 24 Bedford and converted from a shoemaking shop into a residence. At the other end of the district, the churchs interior was renovated, with the original gallery removed and the entire sanctuary redone in the more contemporary Gothic Revival style, the only concession to tastes that had changed since church and accompanying buildings were constructed. Vermilye later sold her house to a family whose members lived in it and grew an extensive vegetable garden throughout the first half of the 20th century.</p><br>
<h3>1889–1984: Effects of Armonk's growth</h3><br>
<p>As the 20th century dawned, the automobile made its presence felt in Armonk. Three of the Bedford Road houses had garages built behind them in the 1910s. Westchesters growing suburbanization made itself felt in Armonk, which was not on the railroad lines that had fed that growth, in the early part of that decade when New York Citys continuing growth necessitated the construction of Kensico Reservoir two miles (3.2 km) to the south. Kensico, the hamlet that had given the reservoir its name, was abandoned and flooded. Some of its former residents resettled in Armonk, further contributing to its growth.</p><br>
<p>During the next decade, New York began to build its state highway system to serve its growing population of motorists. Bedford Road was designated part of what has since become NY 22 in 1924, and then a decade later NY 128 was routed along Bedford Road as well. These developments brought traffic from the city and Greenwich, Connecticut, respectively, into Armonk from the south along Bedford Road.</p><br>
<p>Thus, in 1948, North Castle decided to build its new town hall complex on the south side, opposite the church and houses. This required the demolition of the new parsonage that Rev. Bolton had had built in the 1860s. The church repurchased 30 Bedford Road to serve as the parsonage; it has remained in their ownership. A decade later, the last member of the family Josephine Vermilye had sold her house to died; the heirs in turn sold it to a man who used it as an auction house for several years before closing that business down. It remained unused until its demolition late in the century.</p><br>
<p>A decade and a half later, Armonk and Bedford Road would face another transformation. In 1964 IBM moved its corporate headquarters from New York City to the hills south of the hamlet, between it and the Connecticut state line. By the end of the decade the state had begun construction of Interstate 684 to handle the increased traffic.</p><br>
<p>In conjunction with the construction of I-684s Armonk interchange just to the hamlets west, the state highways were realigned off Bedford Road. NY 22, which had followed the Old Post Road into town past IBM, now overlapped with New York State Route 120 for a short distance at the north end of the reservoir to a new four-lane divided highway that bypassed Armonk to the south on its way to the interstate exit. Similarly, NY 128 was truncated so that it followed an extension of Main Street to end at a new intersection with NY 22. Both no longer followed Bedford Road, which in turn was vacated to a dead end at one of the interchange&#39;s offramps, greatly reducing passing traffic.</p><br>
<h3>1985–present: Redevelopment</h3><br>
<p>In the years after the historic district was delineated and listed on the National Register, Armonk began to become a desirable suburb despite its distance from local commuter rail lines. Residential property values rose in the area, and developers began looking at opportunities to build commercial projects downtown, where demand was quickly outgrowing the buildings that had served the hamlet well through its time as a country town and early years of suburbanization. Of particular interest was the property just north of the district, part of the original lots the church and the Vermilyes had subdivided and sold.</p><br>
<p>However, development had been hindered by toxic waste contamination of groundwater in the area. For years several dry cleaners had dumped and spilled their waste chemicals in the area, until the county health department discovered the extent of the pollution in 1979. Downtown Armonk had been declared a Superfund site, and the federal Environmental Protection Agency was supplying affected homes and businesses with bottled water while monitoring it.</p><br>
<p>During the late 1980s, a developer proposed a project called Heritage Square, with condominiums and residences, to be built mostly on the land that had once been the Vermilyes&#39;. It would solve the water problems via a pipeline from a similar condominium project in the town of New Castle to the north. But local opposition to that aspect and the extra parking it would require blocked it.</p><br>
<p>In the late 2000s, the Armonk Square project, a 51,000 ft&sup2; development mixing commercial space and one-room apartments with a supermarket, was proposed. In order to meet town parking requirements and provide access from the south, Elm Street was upgraded from a driveway serving 44 Bedford Road into a full paved public street. This met with heavy opposition from local preservationists as well as the state&#39;s Historic Preservation Office, who claimed it would needlessly divide the historic district. After a slight reduction in size, the project was completed and opened in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Aesthetics</h2><br>
<p>The identity of the churchs architect is not known. The buildings application of the vernacular Greek Revival style is unusual for its eclecticism. It uses aspects of the style more frequently associated with academic buildings, such as the Doric columns and entablature on the front facade; the window surrounds on the sides are also not commonly found on vernacular Greek Revival churches.</p><br>
<p>At that time the Greek Revival style for churches was at its highest; there would have been many other churches to influence the design. The Doric facade and recessed porch were prominent features of the 1835 St. James Roman Catholic Church in Manhattan, based on patterns by Minard Lefever; the Town and Davis Carmine Street Church, also in Manhattan and of the same era, had the same feature and was also widely imitated. In turn, St. Stephens seems to have influenced later churches in Westchester such as the Methodist Church of Mamaroneck and the Banksville Baptist Church. Its side entrances are unique among those churches, however.</p><br>
<p>The church&#39;a cemetery follows the standard churchyard pattern of the time it was established. Graves are laid out in a regular north-south rows, filling most of the space allotted, with no overall landscaping evident. All graves are marked by single stones, generally either simple white marble markers from the time of settlement to more elaborate granite stones typical of the later Victorian period, with a few more modern plain markers. There are no crypts or large monuments, nor fenced groupings.</p><br>
<p>Between the early 1850s and 1867, all the remaining houses in the district were built save 44 Bedford Road. They show differing degrees to which the Federal style that had characterized American architecture at the beginning of the century was being supplanted by the similarly neoclassical Greek Revival mode. At the west end, 12 and 16 Bedford are, befitting smaller houses, very restrained in their application of the style, the former showing it mostly in form and its sidehall entrance plan, with minimal ornament. Next door, 16 Bedford Road, a former shoemaker&#39;s shop located at 24 Bedford until 1888, uses its front-gable orientation to suggest a pediment.</p><br>
<p>On the other end of the district and its stylistic extreme is 40 Bedford Road, the original rectory. With a more openly cubic form, and post and lintel construction openly recalling classical Greek architecture, it establishes itself firmly in the emerging Greek Revival. The two-and-a-half-story size is unusual in rural applications of the style; it is emphasized with the frieze windows. At the same time, its minimal decoration overall echoes the simplicity of the Georgian style that prevailed during the 18th century.</p><br>
<p>In between are 24 and 30 Bedford, both buildings where the Federal influence is stronger. Their vertical forms and lighter proportions are more in keeping with the earlier style. Similar applications from their time period can be found in rural communities in this part of New York and adjacent regions of New England.</p><br>
<p>The last house built, 44 Bedford, hews closely to the same style. Despite being the smallest in size, it retains the same general forms and materials as its older neighbors. This suggests a conscious effort to retain stylistic continuity with the buildings around it rather than embrace newer styles such as the Picturesque and other less restrained Victorian trends that had emerged in the decades since St. Stephens and the other Bedford Road houses had been built. It also reflects the influence exerted on Armonks builders by the more conservative architectural trends of nearby Connecticut rather than the rest of the Hudson Valley, where the Picturesque took hold early. However, the novelty siding, porch and porch detailing are more in accord with post Civil War houses.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1978 North Castle established a Landmarks Preservation Committee. It has nine members, appointed to staggered three-year terms by the Town Board, at least one of whom must be an architect, civil engineer, historian, or realtor. It is charged with considering nominations for landmark status and any alterations to them that might impact their historic character. As the first residential subdivision in Armonk and the town&#39;s sole historic district, the Bedford Road properties are one of its major concerns.</p><br>
<p>The Bass Mansion, also known as Brookside, is an administrative building and historic structure at the University of Saint Francis located in Fort Wayne, Indiana. The hand-carved, sandstone mansion was the private residence of industrialist John Henry Bass from 1902-1944. The Sisters of Saint Francis of Perpetual Adoration bought the home and more than 65 acres of surrounding landscape from the Bass family in 1944 and relocated their college. Since 1944, the mansion served as library and residence to the college.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Brookside, also known as the Bass Mansion, was added, in 1982, to the National Register of Historic Places. In 1889, John Henry Bass (1835–1922), hired local architects Wing and Mahurin to build a Romanesque summer home named Brookside. He improved the landscape&#39;s aesthetic value with a man-made lake outlining the north, east and south exposures of the home. In 1902, a gas explosion ignited a basement fire destroying all but a portion of the exterior masonry. By 1903, the resurrected home incorporated a combination of stone, concrete and steel which endure to this day.</p><br>
<h2>Preserving History</h2><br>
<p>Restoration efforts began in 2009 and by the end of 2010 the mansion has been completely restored after many years of constant use. Along with the restoration, the university restored the name of the mansion to Brookside, as John Henry Bass originally planned. The restoration of this 1903 Richarsonian Romanesque masterpiece involved historic investigation of the original decorative work. Each diversely themed room presented a unique challenge in terms of existing condition, decorative style and the lack of clues left behind to guide an accurate conservation and restoration of the original decoration. The comprehensive restoration and aggressive homecoming of original and elegant new decoration celebrates and revives the Bass Mansions unique decorative and cultural legacy. Conrad Schmitt Studios restoration of the historic Bass Mansion includes, period conservation and replication of the ornate decorative painting and stencil work. Today, mural conservation, stenciling, tromp l&#39;oeil, glazing and gilding adorn the hallowed halls of the restored Bass Mansion.</p><br>
<p>The Bakersfield Californian Building, also known as the Bakersfield California Building, is a historic office building in Bakersfield, California. The structure was placed on the National Register of Historic Places  on March 10, 1983. It was built for and is currently occupied by the newspaper The Bakersfield Californian.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Bakersfield Californian Building consists of two structures, both faced with reddish-brown bricks and with a primary facade facing east. Originally, the four-story main building was rectangular in shape, but over time additions made it L-shaped. A detached, 900 ft&sup2; rectangular structure, designed as a women&#39;s rest facility, is located at the northeast corner of the larger one. The fenestration of the primary structure is symmetrically laid out with steel sash windows on all four sides. Exterior brick pilasters on the secondary sides cover the structural steel. The main entry on the eastern facade consists of seven wide granite steps which lead to polished brass double glass doors. The entry is divided into three sections by columns, each features a large, rectangular opening. The two side sections hold large, multi-paned windows and heraldic shields above, one with the name of the architect. The center section, framed by Corinthian columns includes the main door along with a multi-paned transom; above the door is inscribed "Established 1866". The parapet above the sections is inscribed with "The Bakersfield Californian&quot a later renovation placed a new inscription, using a new font, in front of the original inscription. The entire entrance facade is inset between two brick-faced towers with parapets; the towers have a set of twelve paned windows in the first floor and the same on the third. The southeast tower has wrought iron balustrades that round the corner, covering large French doors with white lintel and has a flag pole at the top. The northeast tower consists of two towers and is finished with a shorter ¾ round turret topped with a terra cotta roof. Above the third-story windows on the eastern facade, and between the towers, is a course of small blind brick arches.</p><br>
<p>The second, smaller structure has similar features to the main building, and was specifically designed to accommodate women visiting downtown Bakersfield.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>As a newspaper, The Bakersfield Californian is a descendant of Kern Countys first newspapers, the Havilah Courier (1866). Havilah was the first county seat before local government was moved to Bakersfield. Built in 1926, the building itself is considered an architectural landmark and a reminder of the golden years of the newspaper. The publisher at the time, Alfred Harrell, was an esteemed member of the community and from his tenure starting in 1897 to his death in 1946, built newspapers reputation as an institution committed to civic responsibility.</p><br>
<p>The First Baptist Church, also known as the Bell Towers, is a historic church complex built in 1931 in Bakersfield, California and presently used as an office building. The structure was placed on the National Register of Historic Places  on January 2, 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>Constructed in 1931, the structure was built of reinforced concrete, with the outside finish, simulating brick, created by a poured cast. Red, Spanish tile shingles cover the roof. A prominent, 70 foot (21 meter) bell tower stands in the center of the south facade, forming part of what was the vestibule and narthex of the church. The south side of the church also features large white oak doors with decorative arches above them. Blind arches and mullions rise to the roof level, giving the structure its Romaneque character. A single story arcade joins the wings of the building and surrounds a landscaped courtyard.</p><br>
<p>The southwest side of the complex is the original fellowship hall, built in a Mission Revival style. The structure is characterized by lofty arched windows on its west side; on its south side is a large arched window, originally a door, flanked by smaller arched windows. The old fellowship hall and church are connected by a two-story connecting building that continues the overall Mission Revival appearance.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Located on a prominent spot in downtown Bakersfield, the First Baptist Church structure is considered one of the finest examples of a decorative concrete structure in the San Joaquin Valley and is a prominent landmark in Bakersfield. It is the only religious structure of its era to survive the 1952 Kern County earthquake that destroyed many of downtown Bakerfield&#39;s historic structures. It is also one of the few buildings in the area to remain relatively unaltered over the ensuing years.</p><br>
<p>The Tevis Block, also known as the Kern County Land Company Building, is a historic office building in Bakersfield, California. The structure was placed on the National Register of Historic Places  on March 29, 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Tevis Block is a two-story, U-shaped structure constructed of imported fire brick. The front, south-facing facade has fanlight windows and terra cotta arches. Each floor is articulated differently and treated with a different order and finish. Basement windows are rectangular and bottom-hinged with a flat lintel. The first floor windows, two-sash and divided vertically with the fanlight transom, are enhanced by the brickwork to give the appearance of including mezzanine windows. The second-story windows are single-light sash with flat radiating bricks above. Atop the second-story windows is a narrow frieze with square vents topped by a decorated boxed cornice capped by a high plain cornice. The rear of the building includes an enclosed elevator, added later, and a second-story, iron-railed walkway. An additional one-story brick wing was added to the northwest corner of the building in later years.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Tevis Block is the final vestige of the Kern County Land Company. The building helped open up the Bakersfield downtown west of H Street and became a landmark upon construction. It was one of only a handful of unreinforced masonry buildings to survive the 1952 Kern County earthquake, and was subsequently strengthened, renovated and restored to a close proximity of its original architecture. It is considered a fine example of Second Renaissance Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>Lawrence Park Historic District is a national historic district located at Bronxville, Westchester County, New York. The district contains 94 contributing buildings, the majority of which are architecturally or historically significant. Developed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century on twenty acres of land closely associated with the historical evolution of the surrounding community, the area attracted as residents many prominent artists and writers of the period. The Park structures were built on a wooded hillside, along winding roads. While in close proximity to one another, they achieve a feeling of seclusion and privacy. Few of the houses have had major alterations, and today Lawrence Park retains much of its original character.</p><br>
<p>Lawrence Park was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The district is primarily residential and representative of early suburban growth outside New York City. Bordering Lawrence Park to the south and west is the commercial section of the Village of Bronxville, or village center, with Pondfield Road running down the center. Newer residential areas lie north and east of the district, sharply delineated by changes in terrain.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Lawrence Park Historic District is architecturally, historically, and culturally significant. William Van Duzer Lawrence, Lawrence Park&#39;s developer, personally oversaw the design and construction of the first homes in Lawrence Park and encouraged well-known artists and writers to make Lawrence Park their home. Many of these residents were prominent in the cultural, social, and political realm of the Village of Bronxville. In spite of intrusions and alterations to buildings within the district over time, the ambiance of Lawrence Park has not changed. Lawrence Park still retains the coherence and character of an architecturally distinctive turn-of-the-century suburban development.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The twenty acres now included in the boundaries of Lawrence Park, which is within the Village of Bronxville, Town of Eastchester, are a part of a large parcel of land deeded to Thomas Pell. Pell received it from four chiefs of the Mohican tribe — Gramatan, Annale, Wariatipus, and Wampage — and he in turn deeded it, in 1664, to ten families from Fairfield, Connecticut. Laws for the area were established in 1665 under an agreement called the Eastchester Covenant. This document, unusual for its time, made provisions for the education of children, the disposition and upkeep of property, the support of a minister, and the regulation of all public affairs.</p><br>
<p>During the eighteenth century a community began to grow because of the proximity of the Bronx River, a source of power and transportation. Pre-Revolutionary settlers included the Underhill family who originally owned much of the land in the west part of what is now the Village and operated a saw and grist mill on the river. From this family came the communitys first name — Underhills Crossing. In the 1820s, a vein of fine white marble was discovered in nearby Tuckahoe, attracting more people to the area. Underhills Crossings rapid development was stimulated by the arrival of the railroad in 1844. The former Underhill mill was purchased by James Swain, whose father-in-law, James Minot Prescott, bought farm land on Sunset Hill — 86 acres of the original Underhill holdings. Prescott built the Manor House on his land in 1845.</p><br>
<p>Lawrence Park was created by William Van Duzer Lawrence (1842-1927), who, in 1890, purchased the 86 acre Prescott farm, with the idea of subdivision and development. He commissioned William A. Bates to design several houses on speculation. The first new houses in Lawrence Park were completed in 1891 and were built in a variety of revival styles including Colonial Revival, Classical Revival, Shingle and Tudor Revival.</p><br>
<p>Lawrence, who founded Bronxville&#39;s Sarah Lawrence College in 1928 in memory of his wife, had become a millionaire through astute business dealings in the pharmaceutical trade. Charmed by the rural character of a village only fifteen miles from New York City, he initially bought the land as a long-term property investment. A year later, however, he engaged an engineer to prepare maps, a necessary preliminary to putting buildings on the site. Lawrence took great personal care, as roads were surveyed and lots plotted, to protect the large trees and other natural features of the property. He then chose four of the most picturesque sites and hired the architect William A. Bates, who had just successfully completed a group of "cottages" at Tuxedo Park, to design four houses to be built on speculation.</p><br>
<p>Bates, born in 1853 in Michigan, came to New York City at the age of nineteen to train as an architect, while working as a draftsman in the offices of Herter Brothers. By 1880 his designs for houses were appearing in architectural journals around the country. An article in the May, 1970, issue the Bronxville Womens Club magazine "The Villager" states, "Bates belonged to...the school of architects who worked in what one writer terms the "High Victorian Picturesque Eclectic" manner, drawing details from French and Spanish Romanesque, late French Gothic, Victorian Gothic of Italian inspiration, sixteenth-century castles on the Loire, Second Empire Norman, even early Christian Syrian monuments. Bates early work was said to be very English... But his Bronxville tower houses seem to be more French than English...the important thing is not the historical accuracy of the design but the architect&#39;s art in harmonizing whatever his fancy leads him to, with itself and with its surroundings."</p><br>
<p>The first four houses sold quickly and the new owners were in residence by June, 1891. Lawrence then had Bates renovate and modernize the Manor House, and it became an Inn. Rooms at the Manor House were available to prospective purchasers of Lawrence Park lots, to people who had bought land and wanted to stay nearby while their houses were being built; and to friends and guests of Lawrence Park residents. A second amenity for Park dwellers was the now-demolished Bates-designed Casino, used for meetings and social gatherings of all kinds. Interest in the Park was high, the Manor House was full, and Bates, under Lawrence&#39;s direction, continued to design. As the houses sold, it was found that the area was meeting a housing demand from artists and authors of New York City. Studios and libraries had to be added to existing houses and incorporated into the plans for new ones for artists such as William Henry Howe, Herman T. Schladermundt, William T. Smedley, a well-known illustrator and Otto Bacher.</p><br>
<p>With such a concentration of persons in the arts, it was not long before Lawrence Park acquired the reputation of being "an exclusive literary and artistic development." In 1896, Mrs. George Custer, widow of the general and interested in becoming part of this exclusive development, bought a lot and commissioned Bates to design the first of the two houses she eventually built in Lawrence Park.</p><br>
<p>Some of the houses Lawrence built were put up for political, not social or economic reasons. When he discovered that the taxes paid by Bronxville residents were being used by the Town of Eastchester to develop Tuckahoe, Lawrence recognized that Bronxville had to be incorporated to have its own government. In order to accomplish incorporation, the Village had to give evidence of three hundred people within its boundaries. Heads were counted, but the population was not sufficient; so in the winter of 1897 Lawrence built seven larger houses for big families that would require many servants. When the new homes had been sold, noses were again counted, and Bronxville was able to incorporate.</p><br>
<p>The great charm of the development lay primarily in the architecture of the houses and their relationship to the environment. In a 1904 article in Architectural Record, Theodore Tuttle stated "The houses belong where they are placed, as if they had grown there and were content to remain, and the general effect is tranquil refinement." These houses, taken as a group, today represent in practically unspoiled form all the major styles that were in fashion at the turn of the century. Romantic and fanciful, they were designed for a time of more leisurely living. "Among them are examples of the traditional half timber and stucco, the Colonial Revival, and the now famous Shingle Style, which reflects the spirit, if not the letter, of Henry Hobson Richardson&#39;s Romanesque Revival. Translated into wood, Romanesque, which is essentially an architecture of stone, becomes picturesque, rambling, and varied. Its salient features are high roofs and high gables, often with half timbering, wide porches, and corner towers, all of which can be observed in various combinations in houses in Lawrence Park."</p><br>
<p>By 1901, a good number of the houses in the Park were completed. The greater portion were designed by Bates, whose "...designs were meant for country living, with their wood and stone constructions suited admirable to their lovely hillside settings. Strung along narrow winding roads and perched on rocky ledges, they offered their owners the advantage of privacy combined with great natural beauty." Bates&#39; influence in Bronxville extended beyond the Park. He was responsible for the design of much of the commercial area of the Village, as well as the Mission style Hotel Gramatan, of which only the shopping arcade now remains, on which he collaborated with A.E. Barlow.</p><br>
<h2>Residences</h2><br>
<h3>25 Prescott Avenue</h3><br>
<p>Typical of the early homes built in the Park is the residence at 25 Prescott Avenue, built in 1891. The home was designed by Bates and serves as a fine example of the Shingle style with its undulating surfaces, diamond-paned fenestration, and gable roof. It was first acquired by Will Hicok Low, noted figure painter, muralist, and designer of stained glass. Low was a founder of the Society of American Artists and numbered among his friends Robert Louis Stevenson and Augustus St. Gaudens. A medallion of Stevenson, designed by St. Gaudens, is set into the fieldstone chimney breast of the studio that Low added to the house and shared with Charles Lewis Hinton, an illustrator and sculptor who designed the Lindbergh medal. The house was lived in continuously by artists until 1965.</p><br>
<h3>26 Prescott Avenue</h3><br>
<p>Located at 26 Prescott Avenue is "Oak Ridge Cottage", built in 1895 and designed by another important architect of the period, William Winthrop Kent. The former residence of William T. Smedley, a highly successful portrait painter who vied with John Singer Sargeant for commissions, the house is often referred to as "Owl House" because of the carved owl finial perched on the peak of the roof. Built on an east-west axis, all windows receive the sun. The huge pieces of stone in the lower part of the structure are said to have been quarried by men who were paid by the cubic foot. According to Tuttle in the Record, "Oak Ridge...while not the most pretentious in appearance, probably excites interest more than any other house in the park, and more firmly impresses itself on the mind. It is a beautiful structure, irregular and rambling, as it should be, but so well held together, withal, that it may be viewed and judged in its entirety." Smedley was elected to the National Academy in 1905. He maintained a studio in New York City and his home in Bronxville had two studios. In 1916 Smedley added a garage to the home which was one of the first to be built in Lawrence Park. Since his death in 1920, "Owl House" has been lived in by prominent writers, most recently Brendan Gill of the New Yorker.</p><br>
<h3>12 Sunset Avenue</h3><br>
<p>"Gray Arches" at 12 Sunset Avenue was designed by Bates and built in 1891. The house is sited on one of the highest points in Lawrence Park Historic District and derives its name from the unusual design of the stone work on the porch which rests solidly on an outcropping of granite, overlooking the valley. The house and its environment provide a prime example of how the natural landscape has been treated with reverence, giving the homes an organic compatibility with their wooded surroundings. In 1892 "Grey Arches" was the summer home of the Lawrence family, and during the winter of 1894, it was the home of Kate Douglas Wiggin, author of Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, who described it in her autobiography as "...a beautiful house."</p><br>
<h3>28 Valley Road</h3><br>
<p>At 28 Valley Road is the "Pacesetter House," designed by architect Henry Eggers in 1952. It was built on the site of the 1895 William Kent residence, who designed the Bronxville Village Hall as well as several houses in the Park. The Kent House was in the Shingle style and the newer residence, which won the 1953 House Beautiful award is also constructed of shingles with the pitched roof and rambling lines of the surrounding neighborhood architecture. The original Kent barn was used as a garage and decorative motifs from the barn are a notable feature of the interior design of the Eggers house.</p><br>
<h2>Image Gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Eye of Kuruman  is a spring in the town of Kuruman  in the province of Northern Cape, South Africa. One source states it is the largest known natural spring in the Southern Hemisphere., although the Te Waikoropupū Springs in Golden Bay, New Zealand has been reliably measured at an average flow some 60 times greater .</p><br>
<p>The spring forms a small lake in the middle of the town, directly on the N14 road and is located in a fenced park. It has a daily flow of about 20,000 m³ of crystal-clear, potable water. Water from the spring supplies the town of Kuruman.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The town of Kuruman is located at the borders of the South Africa’s Northern Cape and North West province. The year 1895 was the only time in recorded history where the stream was constant throughout and moved from the eye, down the stream Kuruman river, Molopo River, Orange river and finally into the Atlantic Ocean. Originally, Tswana herders used the large spring as a water hole using pastoralism to limit output is small area. In 1885, the British classified the area as part of the Crown Colony of British Bechuanaland. The upper kuruman valley became a crown reserve and the Eye of Kuruman became the town site. Access to the valley became segregated by race in the twentieth century under the Union government. A modern irrigation project was operated by the municipality of Kuruman after 1918 and in 1919 black cultivators was evicted from using water from the eye. Black people moved to 5 miles down the stream at Seodin but, water shortages made irrigation difficult. The governments Department of Native Affairs drilled bore holes to assist the farmers in 1940 however, this was still insufficient to sustain cultivation. In 1962, Apartheid legislation led to the removal of black people from Seodin. The ‘whites-only’ irrigation project never commercialised despite state aid.</p><br>
<h2>Cave</h2><br>
<p>The Eye of Kuruman cave forms part of the eight caves on the dolomitic Ghaap Plateau of the Northern Cape. The Eye of Kuruman cave from which the springs emerge has been documented form as early as the nineteenth century. The first sketch of the cave was made in 1907 measuring a total of 138 meters.</p><br>
<h2>Description of Cave</h2><br>
<p>The dolomite cave has a series of cracks where streams of water flow. The streams of water travel through various passages and emerge together at the base of a cliff described as ‘Die Oog’ in Afrikaans which translates as ‘The Eye’.</p><br>
<h2>Biodiversity</h2><br>
<p>Both the air and water temperature of the cave is about 21 degrees Celsius with a relative humidity of about 99%</p><br>
<p>The bats common bent-wing bat (Miniopterus schreibersii) and Geoffroy’s horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus clivosus) were recorded in the Eye of Kuruman cave in 1985. Due to high levels of humidity as well as consistent human disturbance, very few bats are now found in the cave.</p><br>
<p>Species that are found in the cave include:</p><br>
<p>the airbreathing catfishes Clarias gariepensis</p><br>
<p>C. gariepensis</p><br>
<p>Tilapia spp</p><br>
<p>Veliidae,</p><br>
<p>cf.Rhagovelia a water skater</p><br>
<p>There are no aquatic invertebrates inside the cave.</p><br>
<p>Detritivores include:</p><br>
<p>unidentified Isopoda,</p><br>
<p>Diplopoda of the Polydesmida,</p><br>
<p>Psocoptera (psocidae) and</p><br>
<p>Blatellidae</p><br>
<p>spiders of the families:</p><br>
<p>Amaurobiidae</p><br>
<p>Pholcidae and</p><br>
<p>Sicariidae</p><br>
<p>Cixiidae survive by sucking the sap of plant roots that penetrate into the cave. There are also unidentified small flies (Diptera) in the cave.</p><br>
<p>The Gonzales County Courthouse is located in Gonzales in the USA state of Texas. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in Gonzales County, Texas in 1972. It was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1966.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was built in 1896 and is the second building to serve as the county courthouse. The first Gonzales courthouse burned on December 3, 1893. The current three-story building, designed J. Riely Gordon in Romanesque Revival style with eclectic details, was built with red brick and a white limestone trim. The brick came from St. Louis, MO and the limestone was cut from a nearby quarry owned by Firmin Maurin who in 1895 was hired as superintendent for construction of the courthouse. The contract was let on June 26, 1894 and the courthouse was completed on April 8, 1896. The structure cost $64,450. The building was extensively repaired in 1958 including receiving a new roof. The building received historic restoration in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Mount Kurobegorō is one of the 100 Famous Japanese Mountains, reaching the height of 2,839.58 m. It is situated in Japan&#39;s Hida Mountains in Gifu Prefecture and Toyama Prefecture. It was specified for Chūbu-Sangaku National Park on December 4, 1934.</p><br>
<h2>Outline</h2><br>
<p>The origin of the mountain name is the meaning that the stone rolls. It is said "gōro" in Japanese. Also this mountain is located in the source part of the Kurobe River. Then it is called "Kurobe-Gorō".</p><br>
<p>In the hillside on the east side, there is big Cirque geographical features that is the hollow where the shovel was scooped out.</p><br>
<p>The upper part of this mountain is situated in Tree line region, Siberian Dwarf Pine and Alpine plant grow naturally. There are quite a lot of kinds of alpine plant in the surrounding, and it is selected to "the 100 famous Japanese mountains of flower" by Sumie Tanaka.</p><br>
<h2>Mountaineering</h2><br>
<p>In December 1931, Buntarō Katō of Japanese mountain climbers had climbed it alone.</p><br>
<h3>Main ascent routes</h3><br>
<p>There are several climbing routes to the top of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Hietsu-shin-dō</p><br>
<p>Kamioka-shin-dō</p><br>
<p>Arimine-guchi</p><br>
<p>The west Ginza diamond course (from Oritate – Mount Kurobegorō – to Mount Yari)</p><br>
<p>There are the Ridge Line and Cirque routes from the Kurobegorō hut to the top.</p><br>
<h3>Mountain hut</h3><br>
<p>Thera are several mountain huts around Mount Kurobegorō.</p><br>
<p>Kurobegorō hut – in the col between Mount Kurobegorō and Mount Mitsumatarenge (with Campsite)</p><br>
<p>Tarōdaira hut – in the col between Mount Yakushi and Mount Tarō (with Campsite)</p><br>
<p>Mitsumata mountain cottage – in the col between Mount Mitsumatagenge and Mount Washiba (with Campsite)</p><br>
<h3>Alpine plant</h3><br>
<p>A lot of Alpine plant are seen in the surrounding.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Nearby mountains</h3><br>
<h3>Rivers</h3><br>
<p>The mountain is the source of the following rivers, each of which flows to the Sea of Japan.</p><br>
<p>Nakanomata River (tributary of the Takahara River)</p><br>
<p>Kanekido River (tributary of the Jōganji River)</p><br>
<p>Uma River and Gorō River (tributaries of the Kurobe River)</p><br>
<h2>Scenery of Mount Kurobegorō</h2><br>
<p>Papadoplaka  is a natural reef islet off the southern coast of the Greek island of Crete in the Libyan Sea. The islet is in a bay between cape Lithino and cape Kefalas, at Kommos, and close to Gortyn which was the ancient capital of Crete. The name can be loosely translated as the priest&#39;s rock. It is administered within Heraklion regional unit.</p><br>
<h2>Group of islets</h2><br>
<p>There are a group of four islets in the bay including Papadoplaka (to the west), Megalonisi (with the lighthouse), Mikronisi (also known as Agios Pavlos), and Trafos.</p><br>
<h2>Minoan era</h2><br>
<p>Papadoplaka was more substantial in Minoan times, due to lower sea levels, and is likely to have offered safe harbor for ships in that part of the bay. J. W. Shaw believes that Papadoplaka is likely to have been linked with the coast via a partially submerged sandy shore. This would make a Minoan harbor at Kommos similar to the harbor at Amnisos.</p><br>
<p>The Old Chappaqua Historic District is located along Quaker Road  in the town of New Castle, New York, United States, between the hamlets of Chappaqua and Millwood. It was the original center of Chappaqua, prior to the construction of the Harlem Valley Railroad and the erection of its station to the south in the mid-19th century. In 1974 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>What is today Chappaqua was first settled around 1740 by a group of Quakers from Long Island. They built the still-used meeting house, the oldest known building in the town, around which the district centered a decade later. The other contributing properties, all timber frame buildings up and down the road on either side near the meeting house, are the surviving buildings from some of the farms established then and later. They have been preserved intact from that time.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district begins on the west side of the road, approximately 0.6 mi (1 km) north of downtown Chappaqua and the Saw Mill River Parkway interchange, at 332 Quaker Road, just opposite Commodore Road. It follows the south line of that lot, then a line consistent with the west line of that lot through Fair Ridge Cemetery up to 478 Quaker, then turns 100 ft (30 m) to follow the north line and cross the road to take in 485 Quaker. It turns south at the lot corner to create a corridor 450 ft wide with the road at the center south back to 385 Quaker, just north of Chappaqua Mountain Road, where it returns west to the road and continues back to its southern boundary.</p><br>
<p>The terrain is hilly, forcing the road through some gentle curves as it passes through the district. Despite the extensive residential development in the area, it is still heavily wooded, with many tall trees shading the houses and few clearings. Streams in the area drain into the Saw Mill River, which rises in the woods to the east. Quaker Road climbs approximate 140 ft from south to north through the district.</p><br>
<p>Within this boundary, along a 0.6-mile (1 km) stretch of Quaker, are 33 acre with 30 buildings, half of which are contributing properties. All of them, whether contributing or not, are wood frame houses of two to three stories with gabled roofs. Those of more modern construction are sympathetic to their historic neighbors. Except for the meeting house, all are still used as residences. In the middle of a small grassy island at the Chappaqua Mountain Road intersection is a rock with a commemorative plaque to the district attached.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Quakers, fleeing religious persecution in England as Dissenters, settled in British colonies during the 17th century. One group established a meeting on Long Island in 1645. By the early 18th century their offshoots had crossed Long Island Sound to Westchester County, where they established Mamaroneck and Purchase by 1727.</p><br>
<p>In 1730, further offshoots of those groups moved further inland, to Wampus Pond (now Armonk) and "Shapequaw". Ten years later one of them, John Reynolds, established a 100 acre farm that included the area of the future district, along Quaker Road from Kipp Street to Roaring Brook Road. By 1747 there were enough Quakers in Shapequaw that they began petitioning the Purchase meeting to establish their own. Permission was granted shortly thereafter, and Reynolds donated two of his acres (2 acre) to the group so it could build a meeting house and burial ground.</p><br>
<p>By 1753 the meeting house was finished. In 1776 it would serve as a hospital for Continental Army soldiers injured at the nearby Battle of White Plains. Two years later a wing was built on it.</p><br>
<p>The original Reynolds farm was eventually subdivided. Other farmers, like Samuel Allen and Elnathan Thorn, built houses near the meeting house. By 1825 the area had become the community of what was now known as Chappaqua. The residents were largely self-sufficient farmers with side businesses as craftsmen.</p><br>
<p>That ended with the construction of the Harlem Valley Railroad (still in use today as Metro-North Railroad&#39;s Harlem Line) in 1846. It followed the river valley, and so the station was built a mile (1.6 km) south of the meeting house. Gradually that area became developed and grew into the downtown Chappaqua that exists today. Allen built a couple of small houses across the road from the meeting house, and cabinetmaker Henry Dodge built a large house at what is today 386 Quaker, moving the older Thorn house in the process. That was the last development in the district related to the original Quaker settlers and their families.</p><br>
<p>As the railroad spurred the suburbanization of northern Westchester in the later 19th and early 20th centuries, the meeting house and associated farm buildings remained in use. However, the economy changed. With the railroad close by, the farmers switched to growing cash crops for the New York City market, and sold some of their larger landholdings.</p><br>
<p>Some buildings, such as the outbuildings on the Thorn–Dodge property, were destroyed by the 1904 tornado. New construction in the district did not replace any of the historic structures. In 1961 another wing was added to the meeting house. There have been few other changes to the older buildings since then.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Among the contributing properties, several are particularly important in the context of the district. None have yet been listed individually on the National Register, but they are all local landmarks, carrying markers indicating what they are and their year of construction.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Allen Farm, 400, 401–407 Quaker Road. Four buildings remain standing from this farm established sometime before 1820; all were built by 1852. The currying shop, 400, is on the west side, with the main house, tenant house and an old barn. All are similar buildings, four bays wide and from one-and-a-half to two stories high.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Dodge House, 428 Quaker Road. Cabinetmaker Thomas Dodge and his wife Hannah, later inhabitants of the early settlement, built this three-by-two-bay house. Since it is on sloping ground, it is two stories on the east but only one and a half on the west.</p><br>
<p>Meeting House, 420 Quaker Road. Located on a slight rise above the road, immediately to the west of the Allen properties, the meeting house is a two-story clapboard-sided gabled structure with a full verandah around the south and east. Inside, chamfered wooden posts support a gallery on three sides. It is the oldest known building in the town of New Castle, dating to 1753.</p><br>
<p>Reynolds–Carpenter Farmhouse, 332 Quaker Road. The southern end of the district is anchored by this five-bay, two-story gabled house, one of two likely built for one of Reynolds&#39; seven sons. Its rear wing was added in 1850 by Robert Carpenter. North of it is a barn from the same era, now used as a garage.</p><br>
<p>Stony Hollow Farmhouse, 478 Quaker Road. This house-and-barn combination is located at the north end of the district. The clapboard-sided house contrasts with the shingled barn, but both are believed to have been built around 1820, with the house expanded later in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Sutton–Reynolds House, 354 Quaker Road. Situated to the north of the Reynolds–Carpenter House, this similarly-sized house is also believed to have been built by Reynolds for another of his sons. It is distinguished by the two chimneys that rise from either end.</p><br>
<p>Thorn–Dodge House, 386 Quaker Road. The rear wing of this five-by-two-bay two-story clapboard-sided gabled house is the original structure built by Elnathan Thorn. Henry Dodge moved it here when he built the current house in 1852.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>While New Castle&#39;s zoning does not include any special measures for the district, the town has other measures to protect and preserve it. Most prominently, all of the historic properties within the historic district have been designated town landmarks.</p><br>
<p>The towns historic preservation ordinances provide for the designation of local landmarks. A Landmarks Advisory Committee, consisting of the town historian and four residents with an interest in preservation and development appointed by the town board to three-year terms, guides the town in not only its designation of landmarks but the preservation of those already designated. Any change to an existing landmarks exterior must be approved by the committee. As allowed under New York state law, property tax exemptions are available to any owner of a landmark who restores or rehabilitates it, if they have been approved in advance by the committee and the town assessor certifies that they were finished as planned.</p><br>
<p>Mount Kisco Municipal Complex is a national historic district located at Mount Kisco, Westchester County, New York. The district contains two contributing buildings; the Mount Kisco Town and Village Hall  and the United States Post Office . Both are in the Colonial Revival style. The Town and Village Hall is a 2-story, cruciform plan brick building on a limestone foundation and topped by a slate-covered hipped and gable roof. It features an octagonal clock tower. The Village Library formerly occupied the second floor until a separate, adjacent building was constructed in the 1960s. The first floor formerly housed the police station and a small jail. The Post Office is a -story brick building set on a limestone foundation and topped by a slate shingle clad gable roof. It consists of a central section flanked by 1-story wings, with a large 2-story rear wing. The interior features murals depicting the history of Mount Kisco executed by artist Thomas Donnelly in 1936.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, the Mount Kisco Public Library was renamed the Henry V. Kensing Memorial Library in honor of the town&#39;s former mayor.</p><br>
<p>The Woodpile is a historic estate and national historic district located at Bedford, Westchester County, New York. The district contains 17 contributing buildings, four contributing sites, and nine contributing structures. The three primary residences are set on the east side of Croton Lake Road, one north of its junction with Wood Road and two south. All three look over a designed landscape on the west side of Croton Lake Road, which is part of the historic district. The oldest residence, known as Brambleworth, is a stone Gothic Revival cottage designed by Andrew Jackson Downing  and completed in 1847. The middle residence, known as Evergreen Lawn, was built in 1856 and is in the Italian Villa style. The third residence, known as Braewold, was designed by noted architect Addison Hutton  and is a stone Second Empire style building built in 1870.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Downtown Ossining Historic District is located at the central crossroads of Ossining, New York, United States, and the villages traditional business district known as the Crescent. Among its many late 19th- and early 20th-century commercial buildings are many of the villages major landmarks—three bank buildings, four churches, its village hall, former post office and high school. It was recognized as a historic district in 1989 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places, as one of the few downtowns in Westchester County with its social and historical development intact.</p><br>
<p>One of its contributing properties, the First Baptist Church of Ossining, had already been listed on the Register in 1973. The Old Croton Aqueduct, a portion of which passes through the district, was listed on the Register the following year and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1992. Among the architects represented in the district are Robert W. Gibson, Isaac G. Perry and James Gamble Rogers.</p><br>
<p>Ossining began at the crossroads in the late 18th century, and continued to prosper as industry developed along the nearby shore of the Hudson River, along with Sing Sing prison and the railroad. It soon became Westchester&#39;s first incorporated village. The downtown area was fully developed by then, but two events later in the century reshaped it. The aqueduct was built through the area to carry water to New York City, requiring the demolition of some buildings. In the early 1870s several fires destroyed other buildings; most that remain thus date from that period to the early 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Later in the 20th century the buildings on the south side of Main Street were demolished as part of urban renewal efforts. Some of the oldest buildings on the other side were also lost in another fire. Little has been built to replace them, and the village has only recently begun serious redevelopment efforts although the area has become home to restaurants and home-furnishings stores that cater to the area&#39;s Latin American and Portuguese immigrant populations. A comprehensive plan adopted in the early 21st century has led to new zoning for the area meant to encourage mixed-use development. It also called for the expansion of the district to include Highland Cottage and some other buildings; this was granted in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is a 25.8 acre area shaped roughly like an upside down "Y". Its boundaries mostly follow lot lines and curbs. It is built around South Highland Avenue (USA Route 9), the main north-south through road, and Main Street, which leads west to the river.</p><br>
<p>At its northern end is the village municipal building along Croton Avenue (New York State Route 133). It includes the bank building at the corner with South Highland and then crosses the street to follow the rear line of all the properties on Main Street, the area traditionally known as the Crescent due to the curve resulting from the area&#39;s topography. This takes it to the southwest, crossing the aqueduct trailway. At Brandreth Street it veers westward to take in two properties on Central Avenue, then returns to take in the properties as far west as 119 Main Street.</p><br>
<p>Then it returns eastward along Main, crossing the aqueduct again to the north side of Church Street. It turns south to follow the rear lines of the properties along South Highland, two commercial buildings and Trinity Episcopal Church, then returns to South Highland at Maple Place. It follows the east side of the road to Emwilton Place, where it turns east to include Ossining United Methodist Church. Past the church it turns north again to include all the buildings of Ossining High School while excluding its more modern athletic facilities. At the high school&#39;s north boundary it turns west again to the rear lines of properties on South Highland, and follows them back to village hall.</p><br>
<p>The 37 buildings and structures within these boundaries are overwhelmingly commercial structures, usually brick buildings of two or three stories. The rest are institutional, either religious or governmental in use. All but 14 are considered contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>Within the district the land slopes slightly to the north and west, anticipating steeper drops of almost 100 feet (30 m) to the Sing Sing Kill gorge and Hudson respectively. As a result of its proximity to these bluffs there is a view across the Hudson, nearly three miles (5 km) wide at this point, to Hook Mountain and other peaks of the Palisades between Nyack and Haverstraw in Rockland County. To the east and south are the residential neighborhoods of Ossining. Just south of the district&#39;s southern boundary on the west side of South Highland is Highland Cottage, also listed on the Register.</p><br>
<p>The village&#39;s 2009 comprehensive plan called for expanding the historic district boundaries, at least for local purposes. Four small areas were proposed for inclusion: the additional properties on Central Avenue, a westward expansion along Main Street, Highland Cottage and the building to the east of the municipal building on Croton Avenue at the northeast corner of the district. These areas were added to the district by the USA National Park Service in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The development of downtown Ossining has several distinct stages: the early preindustrial period when it was primarily a crossroads; its 17th century purchase from the Native Americans; the late 19th century when most of the district&#39;s buildings were built and rebuilt along Main Street including the four churches; the early 20th century when new construction shifted back to Highland Avenue and gave the district its important public buildings, and the era since then that has been devoted to preserving and redeveloping them.</p><br>
<h3>1680s</h3><br>
<p>Frederick Philipse bought the area which presently constitutes the Town of Ossining from the Sint Sinck Indians in 1685. The Sint Sinck are members of the Matinecock (Algonquin) tribe, who originally resided in the area of Cow Neck Peninsula on Long Island. His Manor extended from Spuyten Duyvil Creek on the border between present day Manhattan and the Bronx to the Croton River. The last Lord of the Manor, Frederick III, was a Loyalist in the American Revolutionary War who fled to England, so the State of New York seized the manor in 1779.</p><br>
<h3>1780s–1840s: Crossroads and port</h3><br>
<p>When the vast Philipse family landholdings in today&#39;s Westchester and Putnam counties were confiscated by the state of New York they were divided among new owners. Elijah Hunter, an officer during the war, bought the tract just south of Sing Sing Kill. He also started holding prayer meetings at his house and those of others who came to settle, a group which formally became the First Baptist Church in 1790.</p><br>
<p>The river shoreline became the hub of early development. Produce from the farms inland was brought there to be shipped to New York City via what is now Main Street, which connected to the Albany Post Road, now US 9. To open the port to even more farmers, the Croton Turnpike (now NY 133) was built early in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Settlement and development began to concentrate around the crossroads. The Union Hotel, just north of the Croton Turnpike, became the travelers stop identified with Ossining. The local Presbyterian congregation built its first meetinghouse at the present site of Trinity Episcopal Church in 1803. By 1813 it became Sing Sing, Westchesters first incorporated village. The First Baptist Church built its first building at its current site in 1815. In 1820, a relocation of the Post Road a thousand feet (305 m) to the east benefited the new village at the expense of Sparta, the unincorporated hamlet a mile to the south, since Sparta was no longer on the road while Sing Sing and the Union Hotel still were. Five years later, the local economy was further bolstered when the state built Sing Sing, one of its first prisons, was built on the river just to the southwest of the village.</p><br>
<p>The two churches grew with the village. In 1834 the Baptist church was renovated, and the Presbyterians built a new Greek Revival church. Many of the commercial buildings in that style along Main Street west of the crossroads were demolished when the Croton Aqueduct, a masonry underground tunnel, was built in 1839 to connect Croton Dam with the reservoirs in Central Park. The buildings in that style at 151–155 Main Street, built afterwards further east, survived and were the oldest buildings in the district when it was established, but are no longer extant. Only the clapboard Italianate house at 23 South Highland, one of the few residences in the district and now its oldest building, survives from the pre-Civil War period.</p><br>
<h3>1840s–1870: The railroad comes to Ossining</h3><br>
<p>In the middle of the century, the Hudson River Railroad was built along the shoreline. With the village now within an hours ride of New York City, its population grew over 50 percent between 1845 and 1855. The railroads effects on the economy were both beneficial and detrimental. It enhanced the agricultural business through the crossroads, and spurred development of industry at the waterfront such as Benjamin Brandreths pill factory. Industries that had been a source of Ossinings early growth, such as boat-building on the riverside and transportation-related businesses like hotels along Albany Post Road, suffered.</p><br>
<p>Little new construction took place during the 1860s, due to the war and its aftermath. The Second Empire Olive Opera House at 63-67 Central Avenue, built around 1865, remains the district&#39;s oldest non-residential property. Croton Avenue saw some development at that time, particularly the rowhouses at 4 and the commercial building at 12. On Main Street the buildings between 157 and 161 also date to this time, but those that remain have been altered enough to no longer be contributing. The building at 121 Main Street, built around 1865, does retain enough integrity. After the war, the village built a monument to the 42 men who had been killed in action with the Union Army at South Highland and Croton.</p><br>
<h3>1870–1910: Industrial prosperity</h3><br>
<p>The postwar years, the period later referred to as the Gilded Age, were prosperous for Ossining. While shipbuilding and river shipping finally faded as an industry when the railroad, now part of the New York Central, was fully established, quarrying continued. The village had become an industrial center, with over a hundred businesses located downtown or on the waterfront, from Brandreth&#39;s pill factory to pickle and sleigh manufacturers.</p><br>
<p>Near the end of that decade the church congregations began thinking of expanding again. The Presbyterians needed a larger building. They sold their building to the new Trinity Episcopal Church, who had split from nearby St. Pauls over differences of opinion on the war. The lot at the Maple Place intersection was ideal for their new building designed by Isaac Perry, later New Yorks state architect. The stone-trimmed brick structure has design features common to Perry&#39;s other churches, all designed during this period, and in particular with the First Congregational Church in Binghamton, where he opened an office in 1872, two years after finishing his Ossining church.</p><br>
<p>It was the first of four churches built in downtown Ossining in the late 19th century. The other buildings in the district were primarily built in the wake of four fires. The first, in 1871, primarily affected the corner of the Post Road and Broadway (then called Mill Street) to the north of the district. Its primary casualty was 217 Main Street, rebuilt in brick instead of frame later that year; however, the villages records, all stored in the basement, were lost. In 1872, the next fire destroyed all the buildings on lower Main Street. In its wake, the Barlow family, who had operated a hardware and furniture business in the original building since 1844, built the block named for it at 129–139 Main Street, retaining the originals bracketed cornice and adding pediments. The Barlows intended for it to be the central commercial location in Ossining.</p><br>
<p>In 1874 another fire started in the Olive Opera House at Brandreth and Central, seriously damaging it and the neighboring buildings. In the subsequent rebuilding, 145 Main Street was redone in the Renaissance Revival style, with bracketed cornices and pediments and stone trim. On the other side, 61 Central retained its cast iron storefront with columns on high plinth blocks, the only example of that design element in the district.</p><br>
<p>Further up the street, 187 Main was built in 1874 as well, featuring splayed brick lintels in addition to its bracketed cornice. Across the street, the Baptists replaced the twice-renovated Greek Revival frame church where they had worshipped since 1815. Brooklyn architect J. Walsh&#39;s brick Gothic Revival design is one of the highest applications of that style in Ossining.</p><br>
<p>The last fire, in 1876, burned that block across Main from the Baptist Church, an area the previous fires and the aqueduct construction had left untouched. Again, the rebuilding provided a chance to apply newer architectural styles. The buildings at 191 and 193 Main became Palmer Hall and the Stayver Building, brick structures with Neo-Grec detailing in their metal trim. Italianate detail was added to 199 Main Street, which became the Keenan Building when it was finished in 1878.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880s, the space left vacant next to the aqueduct along the north side of Main was refilled by 165 and 173–75 Main. Both have since been modified but retain their original metal cornices and segmental-arched lintels. Further east, another Renaissance Revival building, 127 Main Street, was completed in 1885. Its elaborate detail includes two-story brick pilasters supporting a metal roof cornice, and an intermediate cornice supported by cast iron pillars.</p><br>
<p>That same year the Methodists, who had previously held services in a building on Spring Street, outside the district, finished their new church. That building, at the corner of Highland and Emwilton, was designed by Ebenezer Roberts, architect of several Manhattan churches, and Lawrence P. Valk. The Ossining Methodist church is distinct from Roberts&#39; earlier, more Gothic, churches (all subsequently demolished). Polychrome bands of stone on the exterior, and more elaborate detailing, put it within the High Victorian Gothic style. It features an engaged corner tower and transitional Queen Anne and Shingle Style elements. Louis Comfort Tiffany signed one of the Favrile glass windows he designed for the interior.</p><br>
<p>The last of the downtown churches was Trinity. After almost two decades in the Presbyterians former building, the breakway Episcopalian congregation needed its own new building. It commissioned Robert W. Gibson, whose design was the fifth in a series of English Gothic churches begun in 1884 with Albanys All Saints Cathedral. Trinity has elements in common with the other churches in the series, such as its mix of materials and large rose window, but is unique among them for its U shape, the result of a later expansion. It was completed in 1891, the only Neo-Gothic Revival religious building in the district.</p><br>
<p>At the beginning of the next decade, another longstanding building from the early years of Ossining, the Union Hotel at South Highland and Church Street, was demolished. A Romanesque Revival doctors office building replaced it. In 1892 the corner section of the Barlow Block was separated internally from the rest of the building so it could serve as Ossinings post office, the first of two former locations for that facility within the district. The next year the village&#39;s electric trolley system was established, with its main line going down Croton Avenue from the then-undeveloped Ossining Heights area in the northeast corner of the village to Main Street, where a spur ran down to Sparta, and then continuing to the train station. Residents could more easily travel downtown, and Ossining Heights soon became the suburban residential area it is today.</p><br>
<p>The new century brought some major changes to the village, starting with its name. In 1901 it formally changed its name from Sing Sing to Ossining to distance itself from the prison. Residents had come to resent the prison industries competitive advantages and the prison itself was now associated with the electric chair. Sparta, long bypassed by the regions major transportation arteries, was finally annexed by the village in 1906.</p><br>
<p>In architecture, the Renaissance Revival style was used for another commercial building, 181–183 Main Street, around 1900. In 1905 the parish hall and cloister were added to Trinity, giving its distinctive U-shaped layout. The next year the corner section of the Barlow Block was remodeled by W.H. Rahman for use by a bank in a higher version of the style. It was refaced in stone, with Doric and Ionic pilasters, terra cotta detailing and full entablature leading up to a tile roof,</p><br>
<p>It anticipated the first significant building of the new century, the Bank for Savings Building at 200 Main Street, built the next year on the north corner of the triangular lot occupied by the First Baptist Church for nearly a century. The stone building by Lansing Holden, a past president of the New York chapter of the American Institute of Architects, is the only example in the village of the Beaux-Arts style, and one of the best in the county. Its classical detailing makes it a focal point for traffic entering Ossining from the north, even as the intersection has become of one of Westchester&#39;s busiest.</p><br>
<h3>1910–1933: Public buildings</h3><br>
<p>Other new construction continued in previously established styles. In 1911 and 1913 respectively, new brick commercial buildings went up at 189 and 205 Main in the Renaissance Revival style. Their application differed from those that had gone before. On 189 was a belt course and stone quoins; on the other building all the decoration, including the flat-arched lintels and corbeled cornice, was brick.</p><br>
<p>In 1914, the bank buildings would be complemented by the village&#39;s own new municipal building. The stone edifice at 16–20 Croton Avenue, the northern end of the district, was in the Classical Revival mode common for most governmental buildings of the era. The upper floors were initially used as a school. It is the only Westchester building by Donn Barber, designer of the Connecticut State Library and the first American admitted to the French Society of Beaux-Arts architects.</p><br>
<p>Later that year another new architectural style was introduced to the district. A new commercial building at 201–203 Main Street used the Spanish Colonial Revival, with a tiled pent-roofed parapet and stucco face. Down the street at 125 Main, a 1920 building is the district&#39;s only example of a yellow brick building with limestone trim, in the form of a stone cornice topped with a parapet.</p><br>
<p>The early 1920s brought the end to some more Ossining institutions, even as the villages population reached 12,000, many moving into farms newly subdivided into suburban residential neighborhoods on the villages outskirts. In 1920, a new warden at the prison shut down several prison industries, including the quarry. Two years later, the Olive Opera House closed after almost 60 years. It was soon converted into a small factory. Two years after that, in 1924, the trolley system was shut down and dismantled, as more residents owned cars and more of the roads were paved. A bus system replaced it.</p><br>
<p>The last significant buildings in the future district came to South Highland at the end of the decade. On the corner just south of the First Baptist Church, the Cynthard Building was erected in 1930 when the Romanesque Revival doctors office that had replaced the Union Hotel in 1890, and a house to the south, were themselves demolished. The Cynthard was a single-story commercial block faced in terra cotta topped by a polychrome parapet. Also that year, the third and last bank building downtown was built at 13 Croton Avenue, the corner with North Highland. The First National Bank, which had occupied the spot since 1880, moved into the districts only Art Deco building. It has an unusual neoclassical door surround.</p><br>
<p>Ossining High School would be that years most distinguished addition. Washington School, the villages high school since 1907, was becoming inadequate for the growing student population. After several attempts, voters in 1929 approved a new building when a nearby private school made a donation that helped cover the $750,000 ($ in modern dollars) construction cost. The new high school would be on the site of Careswell, formerly the estate of Henry Baker, the local financier who had helped fund the Methodist church.</p><br>
<p>James Gamble Rogers was the architect. Known for his many buildings on college campuses, the villages high school was one of his few secondary school buildings, and the only public school. The Collegiate Gothic building, taking up the large area of South Highlands west side between the houses and the Methodist church, has some similarities to Harkness Tower at Yale University, also designed by Rogers and considered one of the best examples of that style.</p><br>
<h3>1934–present: Preservation, urban renewal and redevelopment</h3><br>
<p>As the Great Depression set in and construction slowed, one more public building would complete the district. The post office had outgrown its space at the Barlow Block again, and needed to move. As part of the relief programs, many new post offices were built. Arthur Ware contributed a restrained Classical Revival one-story brick building at 10 South Highland, between the Cynthard Building and the Presbyterian Church, on the site of what had been the last remaining house on the west side of Main in the district. It was completed in 1933, the last contributing property in the district.</p><br>
<p>The district had been built out, but change continued. Woolworth&#39;s moved into the space at 201–203 Main in 1934.</p><br>
<p>Postwar population growth led to the expansion of two buildings in the late 1950s. The first was the Presbyterian Church, which received a new Sunday School wing in 1955. Two years later the high school across the street followed. It had been in excess of its original design capacity since 1937. The new wing, completed in 1957, was used at first for the junior high school students (since then a separate building has been constructed for those students and the entire building is used by the high school). It was built of brick and intended to be architecturally sympathetic.</p><br>
<p>Most significantly, later in the decade the aqueduct began to carry less water. New York City had both eliminated one of the two reservoirs in Central Park that it fed, and developed or planned to develop new reservoirs in the Catskills and further up the Croton River watershed, so it needed the water that had gone through Ossining less. In the early 1950s it finally stopped using it completely; it continued to serve some of the communities along it until 1965.</p><br>
<p>Automobiles had displaced the railroad as the most common means of transport. Parkways and other dedicated roads had been built from the city in all directions. One proposal, made in the late 1920s, called for a Hudson River Expressway to run along the river&#39;s eastern shore, paralleling the railroad, from The Bronx to Beacon, including through downtown Ossining. Governor Nelson Rockefeller, whose ancestral estate Kykuit would have been along the route, introduced a shortened version in 1958, a Tarrytown-Beacon Interstate 487. After intense local opposition, he canceled the plan in 1971. Part of it had been making urban renewal funds available to affected communities, and that was retained.</p><br>
<p>Like many other established downtowns, Ossining had been adversely affected by the growth of the automobile in the later 20th century. Local shoppers began taking advantage of improved roads to patronize stores in both enclosed shopping malls and strip malls along major highways like Route 9 outside the village&#39;s traditional center. The village used its urban renewal grants to demolish the old buildings along the south side of Main Street that year in an attempt to revitalize downtown. Its comprehensive plan drafted but never adopted two years earlier called for mixed-use development, projects to replace them. But they were never funded or undertaken, and the spaces were largely used as parking. It was the first of many plans that remained largely unrealized, as Ossining went through 15 different mayoral administrations in the remaining years of the 20th century. During the 1968–74 period downtown was also the site of several race riots that began at the high school and spilled into the streets. The community responded by redistricting its schools to ensure earlier racial integration.</p><br>
<p>The 1971 plan had recognized the importance of the buildings on the north side of Main, and historic preservation soon played a larger role in downtown. In 1973 the First Baptist Church became Ossining&#39;s first listing on the National Register of Historic Places, and the aqueduct followed the next year. In 1975 the village followed up with a study of the prospects for rehabilitating and preserving downtown that, for the first time in its planning history, drew on community input. It recommended residential development downtown to sustain the businesses that remained, but no new projects were undertaken. A second plan two years later also failed, but made specific recommendations for preserving historic buildings and called for new development to be on the same scale, rather than the larger structures proposed at the beginning of the decade.</p><br>
<p>As the village continued to change governments, the social and economic trends affecting downtown continued. All three bank buildings eventually became vacant. The preeminence of automobiles and roads took a direct toll on the district when a widening of Route 9 cost 217 Main Street several of its bays. It was rebuilt with its overall appearance retained, but the project cost it enough of its historic character that it could no longer be considered contributing when the district, originally called the Main Street Crescent Historic District, was created in 1989. Many businesses that closed or moved out were replaced by new ones, particularly restaurants, that catered to a growing Latin immigrant population that had settled in the neighborhoods nearby. The designation of the aqueduct as a state historic park and creation of a trailway along the route in 1983 was also a positive development for downtown. In 1988 its upper portion was reopened to provide some of the village&#39;s northern neighborhoods with water.</p><br>
<p>Two years later, the village, under its first stable administration in several decades, began the planning process again, focusing on both downtown and the waterfront. Its second attempt at a farmers&#39; market downtown began in 1990 and continues. Extensive public involvement led to the implementation of ideas from earlier plans, such as design guidelines for the district and a Historic Review Commission to enforce them. The new plan recognized the importance of the growing restaurant cluster downtown Its necessity was further underscored in the years immediately afterward. In 1992 the aqueduct gained National Historic Landmark status, and in 1993 the 1840s Greek Revival buildings at 147–55 Main Street burned, creating a new void for redevelopment.</p><br>
<p>Change came to two of the newer buildings on South Highland as the 20th century became the 21st. The post office moved out of its building for a newer facility on the south side of Main Street, in the space cleared three decades earlier by urban renewal opposite the western extent of the district. Two years later, another developer acquired the Ossining National Bank Building and began restoring it for use as affordable condominiums.</p><br>
<p>Ossining&#39;s first full-time planner was hired in 2005. After extensive community input, a new draft comprehensive plan was completed in 2007, and adopted in 2009. It recommended the creation of a new zoning district, Village Center, for Main Street, which was quickly adopted. In 2011 the village implemented another recommendation, putting out formal requests for redevelopment proposals for both the Bank for Savings building and the vacant lots, currently used for parking, at 147–155 Main.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Among the districts 23 buildings and structures are many that are architecturally distinctive or unique, or important to the villages history. Two of them have been listed individually on the Register; one of those, the Old Croton Aqueduct, is a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h3>National Register of Historic Places</h3><br>
<p>First Baptist Church of Ossining, 34 South Highland Avenue. Brooklyn architect J. Walsh designed this High Victorian Gothic structure, built on the site where the church had stood since 1815. The 1874 church features many triangles and quatrefoils in its decoration, representing the Trinity and four Gospels respectively. It is home to Ossinings oldest congregation, established in the 1780s by founding settler Elijah Hunter. Almost a century later, in 1973, it became Ossinings first property listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Highland Cottage, 36. S. Highland Ave. This 1872 Gothic structure was the first concrete house in the county. Later it was used as a business school.</p><br>
<p>Old Croton Aqueduct, space between 165 and 173 Main Street. The 5 by masonry tunnel 20 ft below ground is topped with a walkway (not considered a contributing structure itself since it is too new), paved with brick within the downtown area, that leads north to Croton Dam. An engineering accomplishment when it was built in the late 1830s, it was New York City&#39;s first clean municipal water supply and the first in its extensive network of reservoirs and aqueducts upstate. Other city aqueducts have since replaced it, but its northern end has been reopened to supply Ossining and other communities at its north end. It was listed on the Register in 1974 and upgraded to National Historic Landmark status in 1992.</p><br>
<h3>Other contributing properties</h3><br>
<p>Bank for Savings, 200 Main Street. Located just north of the Baptist Church at the junction of Main and South Highland, this 1907 stone building is a focal point for traffic coming into downtown Ossining from the north on Route 9. Lansing Holden&#39;s design is the only example of the Beaux Arts style in the village.</p><br>
<p>Barlow Block, 129–139 Main Street, including Ossining National Bank Building. The Barlow Block is named for the local family who rebuilt the property where their hardware and furniture store had been located after most of the original structure burned down in an 1872 fire. The replacement buildings are ornate Italianate structures with pediments and bracketed cornices. The building at the north end, later modified into the village&#39;s post office, was remodeled into the Renaissance Revival bank building in 1906. After a long period of vacancy in the late 20th century, it has recently been restored into affordable housing.</p><br>
<p>Building at 61 Central Avenue. Built in 1875, this two-story, five-bay brick commercial building with a cast iron storefront is the only one in the district to have columns supported by high plinth blocks.</p><br>
<p>Building at 125 Main Street. The only building in the district to use yellow brick and limestone trim was constructed in 1920.</p><br>
<p>Building at 127 Main Street. This more elaborate Renaissance Revival building, with brick pilasters and a metal cornice with intermediate cornice, dates to 1885.</p><br>
<p>Building at 141–145 Main Street. Another structure rebuilt following one of the fires of the early 1870s, it was the first in the district to use the Renaissance Revival style.</p><br>
<p>Building at 189 Main Street. The only Renaissance Revival building in the district with belt courses and stone quoins dates to 1911.</p><br>
<p>Building at 201–203 Main Street. The tiled shed roof and parapet on this 1914 building are traits of the Spanish Colonial Revival style. It is the only example in the district.</p><br>
<p>Building at 205 Main Street. All the decoration on this 1914 Renaissance Revival building is brick, unique in the district.</p><br>
<p>Cynthard Building, 26 South Highland Avenue. This one-story terra cotta-faced building with neoclassical detailing was built in 1929 on the site once occupied by the Union Hotel, an early overnight stop on the Albany Post Road. Renovated after a 2003 fire.</p><br>
<p>First National Bank, 13 Croton Avenue. Located at the intersection with North Highland Avenue, it is as much a focal point for northbound traffic on Route 9 through Ossining as the Bank for Savings building opposite since its construction in 1930. It is the only Art Deco building in the district and the only one of its three bank buildings still used for that purpose.</p><br>
<p>First Presbyterian Church, 34 South Highland Avenue. Isaac G. Perry designed this High Victorian Gothic brick church, brick with white wood trim like the nearby First Baptist Church, in 1876 when the Presbyterians turned their old church over to the breakaway Trinity Episcopalian congregation they had been sharing it with. A Sunday School wing was added in 1955.</p><br>
<p>House at 23 South Highland Avenue. This 1840s Italian-villa style wood frame house is the oldest building in the district, and one of only two residences.</p><br>
<p>Keenan Building, 199 Main Street. After the original building on the site was damaged by one of the 1870s fires, this replaced it in high Renaissance Revival style.</p><br>
<p>Old USA Post Office, 30 South Highland Avenue. Arthur Ware designed this detailed Classical Revival building in 1933, part of a massive New Deal rebuilding program. It continued to serve as the post office until the new facility on the south side of Main was built at the end of the century, and is now a retail space. It is the most recent of all the district&#39;s contributing properties, and one of only three post offices in New York that contribute to historic districts despite being found ineligible to be listed on the Register individually.</p><br>
<p>Olive Opera House, 63–67 Central Avenue. Built in 1865, this three-story brick building with a hipped roof served its original purpose as a performing arts and meeting space until the early 1920s. Since then it has been a factory and, more recently, a commercial building.</p><br>
<p>Ossining High School, 29 South Highland Avenue. James Gamble Rogers contributed the original Collegiate Gothic building in 1930. Originally it served all the secondary-level students in the community. The community and district have grown large enough, however, that even after a 1958 wing was built it now serves only the high school students from the village and town of Ossining, including those portions of nearby Briarcliff Manor with the town, and some portions of neighboring towns within the school district.</p><br>
<p>Ossining Municipal Building, 16 Croton Avenue. A stone Classical Revival structure built in 1914 by Donn Barber, it has housed the village government and, since 1934, town government as well.</p><br>
<p>Ossining United Methodist Church, South Highland Avenue and Emwilton Place. One of the few surviving churches by Ebenezer Roberts, who collaborated on this 1877 structure with Laurence Valk. Its polychrome stonework and detail put it more firmly in the High Victorian Gothic style than his other churches are known to have been. Louis Comfort Tiffany signed one of his Favrile glass windows inside.</p><br>
<p>Palmer Hall and Stayver Building, 191–93 Main Street. Two Renaissance Revival buildings that replaced structures lost to the 1876 fire, they are distinguished by Neo-Grec detail work.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church, 7 South Highland Avenue. The fifth of architect Robert W. Gibsons series of English Gothic churches in New York, Trinity was built in 1891 on the site of the former Presbyterian church. It was the last of the districts four churches to be built. The parish house wing, added in 1905, gives it a U-shaped layout unique among Gibson&#39;s work.</p><br>
<h2>Zoning and regulation</h2><br>
<p>The village&#39;s zoning code has since the adoption of the 2009 comprehensive plan assigned a unique district, called Village Center, to downtown. It is intended to preserve downtown "as the center of village of life" by promoting business uses of greater intensity than elsewhere in the village and encourage mixed-use development, with upper levels of buildings available for residential use. To that latter end, it requires that residents of a building have an entrance available that is separate from any used for commercial purposes, that no residential use is permitted on the ground floor and that units be at least 450 ft&sup2; for studio apartments, 600 ft&sup2; for one-bedrooms, 750 ft&sup2; for two-bedrooms with 250 ft&sup2; required for any additional bedroom.</p><br>
<p>Along with Sparta and the waterfront, the district is covered by a historic overlay district defined elsewhere in the zoning code. They are overseen by the Historic Preservation Commission (HPC), a body of seven residents appointed by the village manager. At least one member has to have practical experience in architecture, urban planning, land development or real estate, or live in a historic district or designated local landmark, or have a practical interest in local history or preservation (a single member with all those qualifications can satisfy the statutory requirement). They serve for five-year staggered terms. The HPC considers applications for landmark status, and develops overall preservation strategies for the village, but does not consider applications for individual properties.</p><br>
<p>The villages zoning requires that all new construction save additions to or expansions of detached single-family homes and residential duplexes receive site plan approval from the villages Planning Board. This applies to almost all properties in the district. The seven members of the board are, like the HPC members, appointed to five-year terms by the village manager; two must have relevant expertise.</p><br>
<p>The Planning Board also serves as the Board of Architectural Review (BAR), which has the power to reject proposed buildings for "nappropriateness in relation to the established character of other structures in the immediate area or neighboring areas with respect to significant design features, such as material or quality of architectural design..." An unsuccessful applicant, or one requiring a variance, can go before the Zoning Board of Appeals (ZBA). Its five members are, as with the Planning Board and HPC, appointed by the village manager for five-year terms; there are no qualifications on membership.</p><br>
<h2>Proposals in comprehensive plan</h2><br>
<p>The village&#39;s 2009 comprehensive plan identifies three objectives for downtown: to promote it as a business location, create a major downtown draw for visitors and residents, and improve and enhance its amenities. It recommends specific actions to accomplish all three.</p><br>
<p>To the first end, it recommends making the village&#39;s government more user-friendly for existing and prospective businesses, addressing the 18% vacancy rate reported in 2007. The Village Board and Planning Board should both be able to provide more information and reach out to local and regional business organizations. The zoning process could be improved, since many existing businesses downtown are on conditional uses, and site plan approvals should have a time limit, forcing owners to begin development. A Main Street Manager could be appointed to concentrate on downtown, and a business improvement district created.</p><br>
<p>During the process of drafting the plan, many residents expressed a desire for a national chain retailer or restaurant to be enticed to locate near or in downtown as a draw. The plan considers this ill-advised and unlikely to happen for several reasons. Chains do not like to pioneer a new area, instead preferring to cluster with each other, and this leads to the development of large strip malls, impractical and undesirable in downtown Ossining, which still shows the scars of previous demolitions for urban renewal. Ossining as a whole is also geographically undesirable for chains, since not only is it neither affluent enough or accessible enough from major highways, the Hudson River cuts the potential trade area for such stores in half.</p><br>
<p>Instead, it recommends building on the existing clusters of restaurants and home-furnishings stores. Two businesses in each, Docas Portuguese restaurant and Melitas respectively, draw customers from all over the county. Other regional chainlets could be drawn to Ossining. Restaurants in particular could see more ethnic diversity, widening the existing focus on Latin fare. The plan also recommends both improving cultural offerings downtown, and promoting more residential and office use to increase foot traffic around the clock.</p><br>
<p>Residents also complained that the parking lots opposite the Crescent were unsightly, and that they found it difficult to find parking downtown. The plan recommends creating a village green on part of the lot at the southwest corner of Main and Spring streets, outside the district, as a focal point of downtown. It could retain parking along the sides or even in a garage underneath, a common practice in Europe. Further parking could be added in an aboveground garage on Brandreth Street, outside of downtown. The village should also act to create a consistent downtown environment by encouraging infill development, making signage and lighting consistent, and strengthening and consistently enforcing its historic preservation guidelines.</p><br>
<p>The plan also recommended improving connections between downtown and the waterfront, where the Metro-North commuter rail station or the Haverstraw–Ossining Ferry could bring visitors into the village without adding to the parking problem. "A synergy between waterfront uses and downtown</p><br>
<p>will enhance both areas, and provide reasons for visitors to stay in Ossining longer", it says. The village should study the possibility of establishing a jitney or shuttle bus service that would not only allow visitors to bypass the steep climb up Main Street from the waterfront to downtown but continue westward to the residential areas of the village and town. Other measures to enhance the connection include signage, improved walkways and lighting, and leaving space for river views.</p><br>
<h3>Expansion of district and regulatory agencies' powers</h3><br>
<p>The plan also recommends that the village expand the historic district, at least as defined within its zoning code. was scheduled for review by the state&#39;s Historic Preservation Board, the first step toward eventual approval by the National Park Service (NPS), in March 2012. At the beginning of 2013, the NPS approved the expansion.</p><br>
<p>In addition, the plan also recommends that the boundaries of the historic district be signed and maps be posted. The powers of the villages regulatory bodies over it should be improved as well. It calls for the HPCs decisions to be made binding, and the draft design guidelines it and the BAR use should be improved and made a formal reference document, in order to ensure that infill development is consistent with the existing buildings in the district.</p><br>
<p>The Scarborough Historic District is a national historic district located in the suburban community of Scarborough-on-Hudson, in Briarcliff Manor, New York. The 376 acre district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, and contains seven historically and architecturally significant properties dating from the late 18th century to the early 20th century. Most of the properties are domestic, or used for education or religion. The most common architectural styles within the district are Mid-19th Century Revival and Late Victorian.</p><br>
<h2>Profile</h2><br>
<p>The 376 acre district contains 26 contributing buildings, two contributing sites, and one contributing structure. They are associated with three estates: Beechwood, Rosemont, and Woodlea (now Sleepy Hollow Country Club); The Clear View School, a school complex; two religious properties: Saint Mary&#39;s Episcopal Church and Scarborough Presbyterian Church; and Sparta Cemetery, which dates back to before the Revolutionary War. All properties stand in much the same condition as when first nominated, except Rosemont, which was demolished in the mid- to late-1980s.</p><br>
<p>Several properties within the district exemplify Mid-19th Century Revival architectures, including Greek, Gothic, Renaissance, and Neoclassical styles; their formal landscaping exemplifies estate landscaping at the turn of the 19th century. Most of the properties were established by wealthy landowners, ranging from the late 18th century to the early 20th century. The district, which remains generally rural and sparsely developed, borders the Hudson River and lies within the towns of Ossining and Mount Pleasant, between the villages of Ossining and Sleepy Hollow.</p><br>
<p>Most of the districts buildings are set on large parcels of land, and many are clearly visible from USA Route 9 (the former Albany Post Road), the districts major thoroughfare. Stone and brick walls line Route 9 within the boundaries of the district. The district achieved State Register status on August 6, 1984, National Register district status on September 7, 1984, and local landmark status on January 5, 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Beechwood</h2><br>
<p>Beechwood is an estate built in 1780; it was most notably the home of National City Bank president Frank A. Vanderlip and his family. The mansion has gone through a number of expansions and renovations; the most recent involved dividing the mansion into three segments for use as condominiums. Beechwood was a filming location of the 1970 film House of Dark Shadows, and a filming location and the primary setting of Savages, a 1972 Merchant Ivory film.</p><br>
<p>In the 1890s, Henry Walter Webb substantially added to the estate from numerous properties, including an earlier estate named Beechwood. Webb also renovated and expanded the mansion, hiring R. H. Robertson to double the size of the house. Robertson designed the expansion in the Colonial Revival style, to be compatible with the neoclassical Federal style of the original but more ornate.</p><br>
<h2>The Clear View School</h2><br>
<p>The Clear View School was built in 1917 by Frank Vanderlip on his Beechwood property as the Scarborough School, the first Montessori school in the United States. In 1978, the school closed; The Clear View School purchased the property in 1980 and opened in 1981. It runs a day treatment program for 83 students with mental disorders.</p><br>
<h2>Rosemont</h2><br>
<p>Rosemont, also known by the names Scarborough House and Hillside, was a Greek Revival mansion built around 1840. The house was John Lorimer Worden&#39;s birthplace. It became headquarters to Stein and Day in 1973, and was known at that time as Scarborough House. The house was demolished in February 1990.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was used by Frank Vanderlip as a dormitory for Scarborough School boarding students. Rosemont stood opposite Vanderlip&#39;s Beechwood, at the corner of Route 9 and Scarborough Road.</p><br>
<h2>Saint Mary's Episcopal Church</h2><br>
<p>Saint Marys Episcopal Church, founded in 1839 by William Creighton and incorporated in 1883 as Saint Marys Church, Beechwood, is Briarcliff Manors oldest church; it was reincorporated in 1945 as Saint Marys Church of Scarborough. Its first service was in 1839 in a small schoolhouse on an acre of Creightons Beechwood property, at the corner of Albany Post and Sleepy Hollow Roads. The service was led by Creightons son-in-law Reverend Edward Nathaniel Meade.</p><br>
<p>The granite church was built in 1850 by local stonemasons and paid for primarily by Creighton and Meade, but also by Creightons wealthy neighbors, including US Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry, James Watson Webb, William Aspinwall, and Ambrose Kingsland. The first services there were held on September 21, 1851. The church is in near-original condition, with a design based on the 14th-century Gothic St. Marys parish church in Scarborough, England and is the only church with a complete set of John Bolton (brother of William Jay Bolton) stained-glass windows.</p><br>
<p>The church&#39;s rectory was built in 1931 as a memorial to its first two rectors Creighton and Meade. Notable parishioners included Commodore Matthew Perry, Viola Allen, and Washington Irving. Irving, the author of "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow", brought and planted the ivy surrounding the church. He had received it from Walter Scott, from Abbotsford. The ivy of the parish house was brought from the Argonne battlefield, after World War I, by Narcissa Vanderlip. The 200 acre Sleepy Hollow Country Club surrounds the church grounds on three sides.</p><br>
<p>During World War I, the New York Guards First Provisional Regiment was stationed at the former Holbrook Military Academy, guarding the Croton Aqueduct. The regiment held a service at Saint Marys in 1918, as described in a contemporary regimental history:</p><br>
<p>On July 5, 2015, Saint Mary&#39;s Episcopal Church closed after 175 years in operation.</p><br>
<h2>Scarborough Presbyterian Church</h2><br>
<p>Scarborough Presbyterian Church is the third-oldest in Briarcliff Manor., and has a 2.75 acre property. The church has its origins with Elliott Fitch Shepard and his wife Margaret Louisa Vanderbilt Shepard purchasing a roadhouse on the Albany Post Road. In 1892, after enlarging and remodeling the store, adding diamond-paned windows and replacing the floors and porches, the building was first used as a church. The church&#39;s organization meeting was held with nineteen charter members.</p><br>
<p>After Elliott Fitch Shepard&#39;s death in March 1893, Margaret donated the present church building and manse. The Spanish Renaissance-style church was designed by Augustus Haydel (a nephew of Stanford White) and August D. Shepard (a nephew of Elliott Shepard and of William Rutherford Mead).</p><br>
<p>It was built of pink granite rubble with limestone trim, with a steeple supported by flying buttresses. The interior has mosaic tile floors, fluted pilasters with gilded capitals, a coffered ceiling made of redwood, and stained-glass windows. The churchs 1,498-pipe organ was constructed around 1894; it was the first all-electric action organ in the world. The 3 acre church property also contains the churchs carriage house, used for offices, and the parish house, designed by Augustus D. Shepard and completed in 1908.</p><br>
<p>From 1929 to 1974, the Scarborough Engine Company of the Briarcliff Manor Fire Department had its first firehouse in the church&#39;s garage building or barn, which is older than the church building itself.</p><br>
<p>Since around 1995, the church has run the Scarborough Presbyterian Children&#39;s Center, a non-denominational preschool housed in a building next door to the church, with an outdoor playground nearby. The preschool serves families in Briarcliff Manor and Scarborough, Ossining, Tarrytown, Sleepy Hollow, Pocantico Hills, and Pleasantville.</p><br>
<p>In 1995, some of the church was renovated; in 2002, the building was more fully renovated due to years of floodwater and runoff damage, including floods from Hurricane Floyd.</p><br>
<h2>Sleepy Hollow Country Club</h2><br>
<p>Sleepy Hollow Country Club was founded in 1911. The main building of Sleepy Hollow Country Club was known as Woodlea, the 140-room $2 million ($ in ) mansion built in 1895 for Elliott Fitch Shepard and his family. The building, with Beaux-Arts and Georgian Revival features, was designed by McKim, Mead & White and built from 1892 to 1895. In 1910, Margaret Louisa Vanderbilt Shepard sold the estate to Frank A. Vanderlip and William Rockefeller, who converted it into a country club. Current members include Bill Murray, James Patterson, and several members of the Rockefeller family.</p><br>
<h2>Sparta Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>Sparta Cemetery, or the Presbyterian Burying Ground at Sparta, is a 2 acre burying ground dating to 1764, making it the oldest cemetery in Westchester County. It is the only contributing property outside Briarcliff Manor; the Ossining Historical Society has maintained the cemetery since 1984., the cemetery is still owned by the First Presbyterian Church of Ossining; its original church building was built c. 1768 and was moved towards the center of Ossining in 1800. The grounds hold 34 known Revolutionary War veterans. Many of the area&#39;s earliest residents are buried in the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>In September 1780, HMS Vulture fired a cannonball into the gravestone of Abraham Ladew, Jr., who died in 1774, at the age of 7 years. The Vulture was traveling south from Croton Point to pick up Major John André, a rendezvous that never occurred; Andre was captured in Tarrytown on his way to the vessel.</p><br>
<p>Pound Ridge Historic District is a national historic district located at Pound Ridge, Westchester County, New York. The district contains 46 contributing buildings and encompasses almost all of the hamlet. The majority of the buildings in the district date between 1780 and 1852. The earliest building was built in 1758 and is the Capt. Joseph Lockwood House . Notable buildings include: Methodist Episcopal  Church , Patterson Memorial Presbyterian Church , Presbyterian Lecture Hall , Parker Store , Pound Ridge Village School , Aaron Wood&#39;s Mill , Partridge Thatcher House , Maj. Ebenezer Lockwood House , Alsop Hunt Lockwood House , and Solomon Lockwood House .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The North Grove Street Historic District is located along the north end of that street in Tarrytown, New York, United States. It consists of five mid-19th century residences, on both sides of the street, and a carriage barn. In 1979 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The houses were built by wealthy residents in the middle of the 19th century, in the Second Empire, Gothic Revival, and Italianate architectural styles, when the area offered a view of the Hudson River to the west. Three were built by Jacob Odell, Tarrytown&#39;s first village president, and his descendants. They share some common architectural elements, and have survived relatively intact. Today three remain as private residences while the other two are home to the Tarrytown Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is located at the north end of North Grove Street, immediately south of Neperan Road, two blocks east the commercial buildings of South Broadway (USA Route 9), Tarrytowns main artery. To its immediate west is the walkway along the Old Croton Aqueduct, a National Historic Landmark. The neighborhood is residential, with most houses built during the 20th century. A large park is across Neperan north of the intersection. The districts terrain is level, with a steep hill rising to the immediate east.</p><br>
<p>The boundaries of the district are formed by the lot lines of the five houses within it. It encloses a 1.5 acre area. The houses and the carriage barn are all considered contributing properties; a garage behind 1 North Grove is not.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>1, 15 and 19, all brick, are located on the west side of the street; 2 and 8, both of wood, are opposite. The carriage barn is to the south of 8.</p><br>
<h3>1 North Grove Street</h3><br>
<p>1 North Grove Street, at the southwest corner of the Neperan intersection, is a two-story, two-by-three-bay brick house with a flat roof pierced in its rear by a brick chimney. In the middle of the east (front) facade is a three-story tower, and a two-bay two-story projection with wraparound porch extends west from the rear. There is a decorative wrought iron fence along the sidewalk in front of the house, and a detached one-story garage is in the rear.</p><br>
<p>Fenestration consists of single and double one-over-one double-hung sash windows with vertical-board shutters and stone lintels and sills. The porch on the west wing has a wooden guardrail, and on the south side of the wing&#39;s second story is a small wooden shed-roofed addition. Just below the roofline are short eyebrow windows; the broad overhanging eave is supported by simple wooden brackets.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance and the window above it on the tower have wooden hoods. The tower itself is topped by a slate-shingled mansard roof pierced on all sides by round-arched dormers. Inside the house retains many of its original finishes, including marble fireplaces.</p><br>
<h3>15 North Grove Street</h3><br>
<p>Two short driveways are located in the open space between 1 and 15 North Grove Street to the south. It, too, is a two-story brick house with flat roof, pierced by a single chimney, and attached tower (albeit on the west elevation). A two-story north wing is faced in simple shingles and a railed porch runs along the east facade, supporting a small deck above it.</p><br>
<p>All windows on 15 are also one-over-one double-hung sash, but with segmental-arched lintels. Some are on the three-sided bay windows that project from both the north and south profiles. The roofline is supported by decorative wooden brackets.</p><br>
<p>The tower is square, joined to the rear at a 45-degree angle. It has several double segmental-arched windows and a flat roof supported by brackets. On the interior are the original spiral staircase and door and window surrounds.</p><br>
<h3>19 North Grove Street</h3><br>
<p>Rounding out the west side of the street is 19 North Grove Street, also a two-story brick house with attached rear tower. It is distinguished from the other house by its three-by-two-bay configuration and low-pitched gable roof pierced by two chimneys with gauged decorative brickwork. An intricately detailed wooden porch runs the length of its west (rear) facade.</p><br>
<p>Windows are one-over-one double-hung sash with round-arched transoms, set singly or doubly. The flanking windows on the second story have small wrought iron balconies. In the center of the first floor is the main entrance, located in a projecting vestibule with a similar round-arched entrance and tiled hipped roof supported by brackets. Different brackets also support the overhanging eave.</p><br>
<p>The tower also has a gabled roof with brackets. Inside are many original finishes, including marble fireplaces and wooden door and window surrounds. It, too, retains the original spiral stair.</p><br>
<h3>8 North Grove Street</h3><br>
<p>Across from 15 is the carriage barn and 8 North Grove Street. It is a wood frame three-by-two-bay house sided in clapboard. Atop is a slate-shingled mansard roof is pierced by three hooded round-arched dormers on the west and a brick chimney on the south end. A railed porch with flat roof runs the length of the west (front) facade. A later two-story kitchen wing extends from the east.</p><br>
<p>The windows are paired one-over-one double-hung sash on the west, single two-over-two on the side profiles and single one-over-one on the kitchen wing. On the north face of the kitchen is a bay window. The broad overhanging eaves of the porch and main roofs are supported by carved modillions. Original interior features include marble fireplaces and simple wooden door and window surrounds.</p><br>
<p>To the southwest, along the sidewalk, is the carriage barn, subsequently converted into an automobile garage. It is a wood frame two-story structure sided in clapboard and topped with a mansard roof shingled in asphalt, pierced by two gabled round-arched dormers set with two-over-two double-hung sash. The other windows are six-over-six. A garage door has been installed as the main entrance. Above it is a second-story loft door set in a larger gabled dormer.</p><br>
<h3>2 North Grove Street</h3><br>
<p>A row of mature trees on the north property line separates 8 from 2 North Grove Street, on the southeast corner of the Neperan Road intersection. Like its southern neighbor, it is a two-story three-bay wood frame house sided in clapboard. Like the brick houses on the other side of the street, it has an attached tower that rises an extra story.</p><br>
<p>The main block has a gable roof shingled in asphalt, complementing the towers hipped roof with carved brackets. Shutter-flanked double and single round-arched one-over-one sash on some of its faces echoes the fenestration of 19 North Grove Street. Other windows, particularly on the main blocks west facade, are rectangular with recessed round-arched panels in their entablatures. A small porch with flat roof supported by two wooden pillars shelters the main entrance, a single door with transom. The interior has heavy molded window and door surrounds.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The oldest of the houses, 1 North Grove Street, was built by Jacob Odell, a successful local merchant who served as Tarrytown&#39;s first village president (a precursor to mayor), in 1848. He would later also serve as Greenburgh Town Supervisor. Eight years later the next house, 19 North Grove Street, was built on land formerly part of a large local estate.</p><br>
<p>In 1860, Odell built 15 North Grove Street as a wedding gift for his daughter. The same year Marcus Raymond, a local newspaper editor, built 2 North Grove Street. The last of the houses to be built was 8 North Grove Street, home to three generations of local physicians. The ground floor was used as their office.</p><br>
<p>The houses display a range of the architectural styles popular at the time, from the Italianate mode popular before the Civil War, combined with some elements of the Gothic Revival, to the Second Empire that flourished after the war. They have remained largely unaltered today.</p><br>
<p>Bronxville Womens Club is a historic womens club located in Bronxville, Westchester County, New York. Its building was constructed from 1927 to 1928 in the Colonial Revival style and was designed by noted local architect Penrose Stout . Its layout is that of a T-shape, constructed of stuccoed brick on a poured concrete foundation. The front elevation is one and one half stories with a central pavilion flanked by two smaller, recessed pavilions. It has a prominent slate-covered gable roof. The rear of the front section is two and one half stories tall. Most of the ground floor is occupied by an auditorium. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The club, as an organization, was founded in 1925 by Anna Bisand, daughter of William Van Duzer Lawrence (1842–1927), one of the founders of Bronxville. The club exists today as a non-profit educational, social, artistic, and philanthropic membership-based organization.</p><br>
<p>Washington Gardens is a historic building located in the West End of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This combination tavern and residence was built by John Wiese in 1885. It is one of the oldest taverns in the city. Claus Gruneau bought it three years later from Wieses widow, Sophie. He had previously operated the St. Louis House on Washington Square downtown. The facility originally combined a tavern, social hall and beer garden. It was a focal point for the local German community. The tavern itself was known alternately as Washington Park and Washington Gardens. The name came from the establishments proximity to elaborately landscaped gardens used by the German community as beer gardens. The building continues to be used as a tavern.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is a commercial version of the Italianate style. The bracketed eaves in the gables are typical of the style. Originally the gables had round-arch windows that are associated with local German immigrants.</p><br>
<p>Washington Flats is located in the old northwest section of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Washington Flats is a local expression of the urban row houses that were built after the mid-19th century in Davenport. It was designed in a simplified Neoclassical style that was typical of many structures built in the city around the turn of the 20th century. The building is a long two-story brick structure with four double entrances into the apartments across the front of the building. A bay window with a fifth entrance is in the center of the building. The porches with shared entrances have partial cornice returns. They also have a screen with wood cut-outs between each doorway. The building features corbelled brick belt course, egg-and-dart molding on the facia of the metal cornice</p><br>
<p>The Roslyn Flats is a historic building located on the hill above downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was constructed in 1901 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The apartment building was one of several that were built near the campus of Palmer College of Chiropractic.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Roslyn Flats follows the basic design of apartment buildings built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Davenport. The building is a three-story structure built over a raised basement and constructed in brick. Bay windows frame the façade on the north and south sides and a two story porch was constructed between them. Flanking the window bays are rusticated brick pilasters that end in Ionic caps. The cornice features a plain molded architrave below a wide frieze into which are set small Adamesque oval windows. The building features the "formalism, sharp lines and studied elegance" that is found in Federalist architecture.</p><br>
<p>Peters’ Barber Shop is a historic building located in the West End of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was completed in 1905 and it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was probably built by the owners of the building on the corner, which housed a meat market at the time. Adolph Peters began operating his barbershop in 1906. Others operated the same business in this building for many years before it housed other commercial interests.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is a single story brick structure that sits adjacent to a two-story building on the northeast corner of West Third and Fillmore Streets. It’s part of a small commercial district near the historic German neighborhoods and the industrial areas along the Mississippi River. The building features a basic storefront with double doors flanked by two sets of windows and a simple cornice across the top of the façade. It is typical of small-scale, turn of the century, commercial architecture found in many Iowa communities.</p><br>
